UNIT 3 & 4 HHD Exam Revision 2019

Characteristics of low, middle and high income countries can be divided into these three categories. Correct answer - economic - social - environmental Trend Correct answer A general pattern or movement in a particular direction across data. Definition of sustainability Correct answer 'Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'. What challenges exist in bringing about dietary change? Correct answer • Personal preferences • Attitudes and beliefs - many people believe that healthier food options are bland and tasteless, philosophical beliefs such as vegetarianism, following diets which they believe are healthy e.g. Paleo • Willpower • Low income - some people cannot afford nutritious food • Geographical location of supermarkets • Time constraints and convenience - time-poor people may lack the time to effectively plan, shop for ingredients and cook their meals • Education including nutrition knowledge and cooking skills • Cultural and religious backgrounds - can impact food choices, for example, wine, cheese and pasta are often an important part of Italian meals and culture and Muslims do not eat pork • Family and friends • Food intolerances or allergies - may reduce the ability of an individual to consume certain food groups such as dairy foods. Economic characteristics of high-income countries Correct answer - wider range of industries - good global trade opportunities - higher average income - international debt that country can manage to pay back Anaemia definition Correct answer a condition where there is insufficient haemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body. Explanation of economic sustainability Correct answer This type of sustainability relates to ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living for current and future generations. Private Health Insurance Government Rebate Correct answer Most Australians with PHI receive a rebate (refund) from the Australian Government to help cover the cost of their premiums. This incentive to take out PHI is income tested which means the rebate given is reduced or no rebate is paid if people earn more than a certain amount. Social characteristics of high-income countries Correct answer - higher rates of gender equality - low birth rates - stable political and legal systems - high levels of employment - high levels of education - social security systems exist - access to technology - adequate health care systems Why were the Australian Dietary Guidelines developed by the Australian Government? Correct answer - to improve health and wellbeing through the lifespan - to reduce the risk of developing diet-related conditions such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Health Status Correct answer An individual's or a population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and level of disease risk factors. Achieving economic sustainability involves a wide range of industries which is? Correct answer Having a diverse range of industries without the sole reliance on a singular industry therefore if one industry faces difficulty e.g. agriculture due to extreme weather conditions e.g. drought, the country has other industries for people to work in e.g. mining, so people can remain employed & continue to earn an income. Environmental characteristics of high-income countries Correct answer - adequate housing - adequate infrastructure - adequate food supply - access to safe water and sanitation Achieving economic sustainability involves ensuring a countries economic growth which is? Correct answer An increase in the amount of goods & services produced per head of the population over time. A workforce is required to produce these goods and services therefore creating more employment opportunities Antioxidants are found in found in fruit and vegetables and antioxidants are Correct answer compounds in food that help protect healthy cells from the damaging effects of free radicals. Free radicals can increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita definition Correct answer The total income generated by a country in a 12 month period, divided by its population The average income per person in a country, once debts to other countries have been paid. Life Expectancy Correct answer An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change. Achieving economic sustainability involves ensuring employment opportunities for all which enables? Correct answer Payment of adequate income that continues to rise in line with inflation and living costs. Employed individuals are also contributing to taxes of the country which is then put back into other resources e.g. education. Atherosclerosis definition Correct answer the hardening and narrowing of blood vessels from the build-up of plaque (LDL and calcium) on blood vessel walls making it harder for blood to get through Inequality definition Correct answer The state of not being equal, especially in status and opportunities. Infectious diseases Correct answer Diseases that are transmitted from person to person, from animal to person or from the environment (water, food) to person e.g. tuberculosis, smallpox, cholera. Also known as communicable diseases. Achieving economic sustainability involves ensuring fair global trade opportunities for all countries which enables? Correct answer Greater opportunities for global trade and receiving fair prices for products traded on the global market by low- & middle-income countries. This allows people in low- & middle-income countries to earn adequate incomes. Low- and middle-income countries often lack to means to transform raw materials into usable products, meaning that they are often paid less than what their products are worth. What population groups are covered in the Australian Dietary Guidelines? Correct answer - vegetarians, - Indigenous Australians, - Australians of Asian origin, - low SES - rural and remote populations. Religious discrimination definition Correct answer Involves treating a person differently or unfavourably because of their religious beliefs. Respiratory diseases Correct answer Any disease affecting the lungs and parts of the body involved in breathing. e.g pneumonia, asthma, influenza Explanation of social sustainability Correct answer This type of sustainability relates to future generations having the same or improved access to social resources as the current generation such as human rights, political stability and education. What does the Australian Dietary Guidelines provide for Australians? Correct answer - provides written advice to the Australian public to guide selection of food relating to the types and serving sizes of foods depending on gender, lifespan stage and also has specific advice for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Extreme poverty definition Correct answer Those living on less than US$1.90 per day Body Mass Index (BMI) definition Correct answer a statistical measure of body weight calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by height (in m2). Achieving social sustainability involves the provision of social protection measures. Social protection measures/systems are.. Correct answer Also known as social security payments ensure that those who can't work receive financial assistance e.g. disability pension, unemployment benefits. This ensures no one lives in poverty and can afford basic necessities such as housing, food, safe water, sanitation, healthcare and education. Health Adjusted Life Expectancy - HALE Correct answer A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality. Health Indicators Correct answer Standards statistics that are used to measure and compare health status. Relative poverty definition Correct answer Those living on less than 50% of their country's average income Achieving social sustainability involves the achieving of gender equality which relates to? Correct answer Females having the same opportunities as males with regards to all aspects of society such as education, employment and decisions that affect their lives. Cholesterol definition Correct answer A type of fat required for numerous functions in the body such as the production of hormones. Two types of this fat: 'bad' low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or 'good' high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Safe or clean water definition Correct answer Refers to water that is not contaminated with bacteria, viruses or chemicals and therefore will not cause disease if consumed. Public Health Correct answer Refers to the way in which society, in particular, governments, monitor, regulate and promote health and wellbeing and prevent illness. Achieving social sustainability involves the promotion of human rights which relates to? Correct answer 'The freedoms and conditions that every person is entitled to' e.g. right to live in peace, the right to a safe working environment Australian Dietary Guideline 1 Correct answer To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs. Achieving social sustainability involves access to education. Education can lead to? Correct answer Meaningful, well paid employment and greater health literacy which is the ability to understand and implement health promoting behaviours e.g. not smoking, safe sexual practices, immunising children. Sanitation definition Correct answer Is the safe disposal of human waste, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through garbage collection and the disposal of wastewater e.g. covered latrines, flushing toilets. Mortality definition Correct answer Deaths in a population Dental caries definition Correct answer Decay of teeth caused by a breakdown in the enamel of the teeth Gender equality definition Correct answer Is when males and females have equal rights and equal opportunities with regards to all aspects of society such as education and employment. Definition of Old Public Health Correct answer Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe drinking water, sewerage systems, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions, better work conditions and quarantine laws. Explanation of environmental sustainability Correct answer This type of sustainability relates to ensuring the natural environment is used in such a way that it will preserve resources (e.g. clean air and water) for current and future generations to use. Australian Dietary Guideline 2 Correct answer Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day & drink plenty of water. Double burden of disease defintion Correct answer This is when low- and middle- income countries experience high rates of BOTH communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Australian Dietary Guideline 3 Correct answer Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol. Achieving environmental sustainability is about pollution control - for example? Correct answer - control of air pollution from factories this ensures clean air for both current & future generations. This will reduce the risk of respiratory diseases. Energy dense (foods) definition Correct answer foods that contain significant amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein, therefore contributing large amounts of energy to the diet Malnutrition definition Correct answer Is when the body does not receive enough nutrients for proper functioning due to not having enough to eat or from not eating a range of nutrients. Can lead to have an underdeveloped immune system and the ability to fight off disease as effectively as those who are adequately nourished. Old Public Health Policies Correct answer Quarantine laws, food quality legislation, housing quality regulations, workplace safety regulations Mortality Rate Correct answer (Sometimes referred to as death rate) is the number of deaths (usually expressed in 100,000 people in a 12 month period) from a specific cause or causes. Human development definition Correct answer Creating an environment in which people can: - develop to their full potential - lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about: - expanding people's choices to enhance capabilities (the range of things people can be and do) - having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living - participating in the life of their community and the decisions affecting their lives. Food security definition Correct answer The state is which all people can obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate safe food through non emergency sources Under-five mortality rate - U5MR Correct answer The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births. Human Development Index (HDI) definition Correct answer A TOOL developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic from 0 - 1 based on three dimensions - a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living- and four indicators - life expectancy, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. Definition of Health Promotion Correct answer Process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health An advantage of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer • The HDI takes more than just average incomes (GNI) (economic development) into account, it also considers social development - life expectancy and education, therefore it is a more comprehensive measure of human development Australian Dietary Guideline 4 Correct answer Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding. Burden of disease definition Correct answer A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Measured in a unit called the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) Fortified foods definition Correct answer when a nutrient has been artificially added to food to increase its nutritional value Discrimination definition Correct answer The different or unfavourable treatment of people due to thier race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity. Biomedical Model of Health Correct answer Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and/or health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease. Examples include surgery and medication. An advantage of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer - The HDI is a composite statistic so it makes comparison with other countries easier, as numerous statistics do not have to be sorted through and compared Australian Dietary Guideline 5 Correct answer Care for your food; prepare and store it safely. Problems that occur from lack of access to safe water Correct answer - women and children have to walk long distances to collect water - this reduces the time women have to be in paid employment and children to be in school and contributes to the development of physical ailments e.g. back pain - inability to grow crops or keep livestock - can lead to a lack of food - developing water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid from contaminated water sources. Free radicals definition Correct answer are by-products of digestion and toxins found in the environment that can damage healthy cells and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. An advantage of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer • The HDI has raised awareness of the importance of human development as it has captured the attention of the media, policymakers, communities and individuals Infant mortality rate Correct answer The number of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births. Problems a lack of sanitation can lead to: Correct answer - diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid which can lead to children being too unwell to attend school and adults too unwell to work - diseases caused by lack of toilets can lead to high healthcare costs for treatment, contributing to poverty - girls not attending schools that don't have toilets - women and children coming to harm when defecating in the open Hypertension definition Correct answer high blood pressure - when blood is being pumped through the arteries at a harder and faster rate than what is considered to be normal An advantage of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer • The HDI is useful for analysing progress that has been made in human development in countries over time Principle of SMOH - A - Addresses the broader determinants of health Correct answer Health is determined by a broad range of sociocultural and environmental factors, and not just biomedical factors and all these factors must be addressed (made better) for health gains to occur.(Principle of SMOH) How the Australian Dietary Guidelines promote healthy eating. Correct answer - provide advice on selection of food relating to the types and serving sizes of foods to promote health & well-being and reduce the risk of developing diet-related conditions such as hypertension & chronic conditions - type 2 diabetes, CVD. - encourage Australians to eat a wide variety of foods from the five food groups to obtain adequate nutrients and maintain a healthy body weight. -advise people to limit their intake of foods high in saturated fat, added sugar and salt and limit their intake of alcohol to prevent diet related diseases such as CVD and cancers, - encourage breastfeeding - the most nutritional food for babies in their first months of life & can help reduce the risk of infection, - encourage Australians to prepare and store food safely to prevent food poisoning Poverty can decrease access to the following resources for individuals: Correct answer • afford nutritious food leads to malnutrition leads to decreases immune system function thus less able to fight of diseases and infections • afford safe water leading to waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid • afford healthcare • afford adequate housing • afford education - lower literacy rates poorer employment opportunities - cannot afford nutritious food, clean water, shelter and healthcare - lower health literacy less likely to understand or implement health promoting behaviours e.g. not smoking, practicing safe sex A limitation of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer • The HDI only reflects selected aspects of human development and neglects key aspects including freedom, choices and capabilities, therefore it is not a comprehensive measure of human development Morbidity Correct answer Refers to ill health in a individual and the levels of ill health in a population group. Racial discrimination definition Correct answer When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status. Prevalence Correct answer The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time. A limitation of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer • The HDI is based on averages and, therefore, does not provide an indication of the unequal access to education and the unequal distribution of wealth within countries Nutrient dense (foods) definition Correct answer foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals Problems racial and religious discrimination can lead to: Correct answer • increased stress levels - stress can be linked with stomach pains, ulcers, hypertension, • increased risk of anxiety & depression from feeling less valued in society, • increased rates of injury from physical assaults, • increased risk of poverty as a result of being discriminated against for work opportunities, • limited or reduced access to resources essential for good health such as housing, education and healthcare, • displacement in their own country or become refugees and as result may face lack food, water, shelter, healthcare, educational and employment opportunities Principle of SMOH - R - acts to Reduce social inequities Correct answer Reduce the barriers that may prevent people from experiencing good health such as income, race, gender. This means that all people, regardless of their, socioeconomic status, race, gender, should have fair access to good health and health services. A limitation of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer • No survey data are collected in the HDI, so people's feelings about their lives and issues facing communities are not reflected Description of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Correct answer This food selection tool is a visual representation of Australian Dietary Guidelines 2 and 3, in the shape of plate or pie chart and shows the proportion of foods that should be consumed from the five food groups. Sex definition Correct answer The reproductive organs present in an individual at birth Principle of SMOH - E - Empower individuals and communities Correct answer Empower/educate people (and communities) with the knowledge and skills and provide resources which allows them to participate in the decisions that positively impact their health and wellbeing. A limitation of the Human Development Index (HDI) Correct answer • Data collected from low-income countries may be quite unreliable and there are some countries with no data at all What are the 5 food groups according to Australian Dietary Guideline 2. Correct answer - grains - vegetables & legumes, - fruits - dairy products and alternatives - lean meats and alternatives Issues that sex discrimination (or gender inequality) can lead to: Correct answer • women are expected to complete domestic duties • girls are less likely than boys to attend school - thus forced into child labour & dangerous jobs e.g. prostitution • Lower education levels also leads to lower health literacy for women which can result in women not understanding the importance of health promoting behaviours such as - - spacing out their births - having their children immunised, - how to reduce the transmission of diseases • women are underrepresented in governments of many countries • women are often neglected with regard to healthcare • women are often last to eat • females in some countries are subjected to female genital mutilation (FGM) • females in some countries are subjected to forced marriage and many also become child brides • females have less say in decisions affecting their lives Biological factors definition Correct answer factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing, such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight Examples of global trends Correct answer - Climate change including rising sea levels, changing weather patterns and more extreme weather events, - Conflict and mass migration - Increased world trade and tourism - Digital technologies that enable increased knowledge sharing Incidence Correct answer Refers to the number or rate of new cases of a disease during a specified period of time (usually a 12 month period) Displaced persons definition Correct answer Those who are forced to leave their homes because of war or persecution What does the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating suggest consuming 'only sometimes and in small amounts'? Correct answer Discretionary foods such as soft drinks, sweets such as lollies and chocolate, alcohol, full cream dairy products, baked goods such as cakes and donuts, processed meats, and high-energy takeaway foods such as hamburgers. Burden of Disease Correct answer A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free from disease and disability. This health indicator is measured in a unit called Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY). Explanation of global trend - climate change Correct answer This global trend refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer. Sexual orientation definition Correct answer Describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to Social Model of Health Correct answer - is a conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed • This model of health underpins the 'new' public health approach. • Policies, education and health promotion programs are key aspects of this model of health Global trend: climate change - rising sea levels is caused by? Correct answer • as water warms it expands resulting in an increase in the volume of water, • the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers. Environmental factors definition Correct answer the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. Gender identity definition Correct answer Describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither. Disability Adjusted Life Years - DALY Correct answer A measure of burden of disease, one of these equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury. Global trend: climate change - changing weather patterns can impact health and wellbeing by: Correct answer • MORE EXTREME HEAT which: - can lead to death especially those who suffer from CVD and respiratory diseases, the elderly and young children - lead to increase in pollen and other air pollutants triggering asthma attacks - reduce crop yields decreasing food supplies • CHANGING WEATHER PATTERNS which: - can impact the supply of freshwater leading to a lack of safe water increasing the risk of communicable diseases such as diarrhoea - reduces food production (crops, livestock) mainly due to drought increasing the risk of malnutrition Principle of SMOH - A - Acts to enable access to healthcare Correct answer Addresses sociocultural and environmental factors to allow everyone access to affordable, accessible, appropriate health care. Sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination can lead to and include individuals