Blood and Cardiovascular System Test

List the organs and tissues of the cardiovascular system. (3)Correct answer - Organs: heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries Tissue: blood 2. Briefly discuss the function of the cardiovascular system. (4)Correct answer - Transportation of various substances throughout the body such as oxygen & CO2, nutrients & wastes, hormones, etc. Blood carries these substances Heart pumps blood through vessels 7. List the 3 layers of the heart wall. (10)Correct answer - Epicardium or visceral pericardium Myocardium is the thick muscular layer Endocardium lines heart chambers 8. Describe the myocardium. (11 & 12)Correct answer - Thick bundles of cardiac muscle that are twisted into ring-like arrangements This is the layer of the heart wall that actually contracts Myocardium is cardiac muscle 10. Briefly discuss the four chambers of the heart. (17)Correct answer - Atria: Upper chambers, receive blood Ventricles: Lower chambers, discharge blood 11. How are the right and left sides of the heart divided? (18)Correct answer - A septum divides the heart longitudinally between the ventricles and is called the interventricular septum The atria are separated by the interatrial septum 26. What is the average heart rate?Correct answer - 60-100 beats per minute What heart rate qualifies as too fast or too slow?Correct answer - Rapid heart rate is called tachycardia, over 100 bpm Slow heart rate is called bradycardia, less than 60 bpm What is coronary artery disease?Correct answer - limited blow flow to the heart due to a build-up of plaque in coronary arteries Define atherosclerosisCorrect answer - A narrowing of the arteries due to an excessive accumulation of plaque Starts with damage to endothelium often caused by hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, and high blood sugar What is the purpose of heart bypass surgery?Correct answer - vessels are used to bypass or go around blockages in coronary arteries What happens in a heart attack?Correct answer - A heart attack occurs when blood flow is blocked to an area of the heart muscle The section of heart muscle that is deprived of oxygen begins to die Also known as a myocardial infarction plasmaCorrect answer - Liquid portion of blood, 90% water Makes up 55% of blood volume Contains over 100 dissolved substances including nutrients, salts (electrolytes), respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, and various wastes plateletsCorrect answer - responsible for blood clotting hemoglobinCorrect answer - iron-bearing protein that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color A single RBC contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of oxygen white blood cells (leukocytes)Correct answer - Defend the body against - Bacteria - Viruses - Parasites - Tumor cells Less than 1% of total blood volume Leukocytosis is the increase in wbc production to fight infection anemiaCorrect answer - Reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen Several different types of anemia exist May result from: Low number of rbc Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content sickel cell anemiaCorrect answer - Inherited form of anemia Hemoglobin does not form properly giving red blood cells a sickle shape Abnormal red blood cells rupture easily and get clogged in small vessels leukemiaCorrect answer - Red bone marrow becomes cancerous and produces large numbers of abnormal white blood cells that do not function properly. red blood cells (erythrocytes)Correct answer - transport oxygen by way of hemoglobin