VCE Health and Human Development units 3&4

Biomedical model of health Answer- Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease. 'Fix-it' approach to health care. Does not promote good health or prevent illness Social Model of health Answer- based on understanding that health is linked to a range of social, environmental and economic factors and the fundamental conditions for health need to be met if a person is to reach a good state of health. Principles of the social models of health Answer- AREAS. A: adress all determinants of health R: Reduce social inequality E: Empower individual and community A: Accessibility to healthcare S: sectorial collaboration Preventative Model of health Answer- Focuses on action to avoid illness occuring or returning and to dectect illness at the earliest time possible. The Ottawa charter for health promotion: Black Cats Smell Dead Rats Answer- An approach to health development by the World Health Organisation that ettempts to reduce inequalities in health. The Ottaw Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as 'ther process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health'(WHO 1998) Produced with the aim of taking action to achieve health for all by the year 200 and beyond through health promotion and reduce inequalities for all. It identifies three basic strategies for health promotion: anabling, mediating and advocacy Build healthy public policy - ottawa charter Answer- includes changes in policy that will healp to make healthier choices the easier choices and contribute to healthier, safer, cleaner and more enjoyable services and environments. Create supportive environment - Ottawa charter Answer- The creation of supportive environments involves building links between individualds and their environments through taking care of one another, communities and natural resources. Promotes environments that encourage safe, stimulating and enjoyable living and working conditions so individuals can reach their full potential. Strengthen community actions - Ottawa charter Answer- Strengthening community actions requires communities working together to set priorities, make decisions, and plan and implement strategies that will help them achieve better health. Health promotion strategies that focus on community action leads to empowerment of that community and improved outcomes as a result of the ownership of their strategies, the social support and public participation. Develop personal skills - Ottawa charter Answer- Involves an individual gaining life skills and information through health promotion and education and is the desired outcome of many health promotion programs. These skills and knowledge should be gained and supported at home, in school, at work and in other community settings to enable the individual to make choices that will enhance their health and to take control over their own health. Reorient health services - Ottawa charter Answer- Involves individuals, community groups, health professionals and the government working together to achieve a healthcare system that promotes health. The idea is for groups to work together to support healthcare professionals in moving beyond providing biomedical services and placing a stronger emphasis on health promotion. What is the role of VicHealth Answer- VicHealth is responsible for health promotion in Victoria and intend to make people aware of the risks, therefore preventing disease. It is the peak body for health promotion in victoria. according the them health promotion has proved to be a powerful and cost effective method of improving health so they act as a resource for health promotion and disease prevention. ie sunsamart, quit campaign VicHealth values Answer- Work together, Be honest, Engage with others respectfully, challenge and be challenged, Be eco-wise Vichealth Priorities Answer- Tabacco consumption, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol misuse,discrimination, violence etc. The local governments' responsibilities within the Australian Healthcare system Answer- immunistation, sanitary environment ie collection and disposal of garbage and sewage, providing safe water supply, ensuring the cleanliness of food storage and preparation in shops and restuaraunts - HACCP, maintainging roads and public areas The state/territory governments' responsibilities within the Australian Healthcare system Answer- , provision of a public hospital serive,, conducting research into public health issues, recording of health-related information, identifying issues and notifying doctors of epidemics etc. The federal Governments' responsibilities within the Australian Healthcare system Answer- the management and funding of Medicare, the regulation of private health insurance, financial support to government and non-government health organisations, management of quarantine service etc. Medicare levy Answer- Is an amount of money paid by most taxpayers, based on taxable incomes, that contributes the the funding of the healthcare system. Values of the Australian healthcare system CARE CASES Answer- capable, accessible, safe, effective, sustainable Medicare Answer- Introduced in feb 1984 by fed gov. aim is to improve the access to healthcare for all Australian and to provide access to adequate healthcare at little or no cost to all Australians in need of treatment, regardless of age or income. Funded by fed gov, partly through contributions made to the healthcare system through a 1.5 medicare levy medicare safety net Answer- An additional rebate scheme introduced by the fed gov for the benefit of patients, covering a range of doctor visits and tests recieved out of hospital. a protective measure designed to avoid patients having to pay high medical costs Bulk-billing Answer- Is where the doctor pays the government for your medical care and you pay nothing, is where the medical practitioner bills medicare directly and accepts the medicare payments as full payment for the service. what is covered by Medicare Answer- consultation fees, tests and examinations, eye tests - optometrist, most procedures performed by doctors. What is not covered by medicare? Answer- Dental examinations, dental, ambulance, home nursing, speech therapy, private hospital costs, acupuncture The difference bwteen medicare and private health insurance Answer- Private health insurance provides individuals with additional health care services that those provided by medicare at an extra cost. Pharmaceutical benefits scheme Answer- was introduced to subsidise the cost of a wide range of prescription to subsidies the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with vital medications at affordable prices private health insurance incentive schemes - lifetime healthcover Answer- Under this schemed, anyone who takes out private health insurance before the JUly after their 30th birthday will pay lower premiums throughout their lives than those who join later in life. People who are over 30 years of age when they take out private health insurance are charged an additional 2% for each year that they are over the age of 30. Nutrient reference values Answer- Amounts of nutrients required on an average daily basis for adequate physiological function and prevention of deficiency disease or chronic disease prevention Food standards code Answer- a code that sets out the prescribed standards that must be met for a food to be sold FSANZ Food labelling requirements Answer- name and description of food, name and address of manufacturer, ingredient list, net weight, nutritional information pannel, use-by or best-before date, country of origen, lot number, percentage labelling, food additives Nutrition Australia Answer- us Australia's primary community nutrition education body, providing scientifically based nutrition information to both the puble and state and commonwealth health departments. Halthy living pyramid - Nutrition Australia Answer- has been designed as a simple, conceptual model representing basic food for people to use as a first step to adequate nutrition The heart foundation Answer- is an independant organisation, whose purpose is to improve the heart health of Australians and to reduce disability and death form heart and blood vessel disease by conducting research to gain and apply knowledge about heart health and influencing behaviour that improves heart and blood vessel health The tick program - heart foundation Answer- guide to help people make healthy choices quickly and easily. represents a healthier choice within a particular food category food category. enables grocery buyers to more easily identify food that is relatively low in saturated fat and sodium, and high in fibre, through the use of the tick logo. Australian government initiated nutrition guides Answer- The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating - promoted as a contemporary Australian food guide that reflects the multicultural nature of the population - dinner plate Dietary guidelines for Australians - provides advice to the general population about healthy food choices, so that their everyday eating puts them at minimal rist for developing diet-related diseases Dietary guidelines for children and adolescents in australia Answer- encourage and support breastfeeding, reduced fat milk not suitable for young children under 2 years, choose water as a drink, care for your child's food: prepare it safely, enjoy a wide variety of nutritiuos foods Dietary duidelines for australian adults Answer- enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods, drink plenty of water, limit your alcohol intake if you choose to drink, prevent weight gain: be physically active and eat according to your energy needs, care for your food: prepare and store it safely, encourage and support breastfeeding Aus governments' role in making aus a healthier nation and promoting healthy eating Answer- to educate, ensure accurate information is being provided to consumers, research health issues, collect data and create strategies to improve health status and create policies in response to australias' situation. food consumption and nutrition surveys Answer- used to monitor and assess food consumption and related behavious within the australian population. eg, healthy food basket 2006 NUtrient reference values Answer- outline the intakes of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet all the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy people. used by health professional to assess the likelihood of inadequate intake in individuals or groups of people. the recomendations do not take into account additional needs of individuals, such as those on medications or people with specific genetic profiles. developed countries Answer- also known as industrialised countris, they are countries with well-developed industry, mining or agriculture sectors and which,t herefore, enjoy a healthy economy based on trade. i. accessible healthcare, safe water, adequate food supply, high life expectancy, high literacy rates. tend to have higher incomes and established healthcare systems and, as a result, those living in these countries tend to experience longer life expectancy and better health. Gross domestic product (GDP) Answer- the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year; is one indicator that a country is industrialised Developing countries Answer- countries that generally have a low gross domestic product. being less developed means that these countries have less access to technology, and have poor industry and limited trade arrangements. eg. low literacy rates, poor sanitation, overcrowding, low life expectancy high under five mortality etc. WHO mortality strata Answer- A = Very low child mortality, low adult mortality Australia, UK, Canada, Japan B= Low child mortality, low adult mortality china turkey indonesia C= Low child mortality, high adult mortality Hungary, russian federation D= High child mortality, high adult mortality Afghanistan, iraq, pakistan E= High child mortality, ver high adult mortality kenya, South Africa who mortality strata Answer- Countries classified as strata level A can be conidered developed, while those in D or E can be considered developing. It is more difficult to label the countries in strata B or C as they have low mortality but still face a number of barriers to their health status and aconomic development. life expectancy Answer- an indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change Infant mortality rates Answer- Refer to the number of deaths that occur in the first year of life. it is reported by the actual number of deaths per 1000 live births under-5 mortality rates Answer- the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births maternal mortality Answer- refers to the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications morbidity Answer- Ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group burdan of disease Answer- a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries; specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of burdan of disease and disability. measures in a unit called the DALY Human Development Index (HDI) Answer- a way of measuring development, providing a statistical assessment and ranking of a country's achievments based on the three basic aspects of human developmentL health. knowledge and standard of living. It provides a single statistic that can both be used as a reference for both social and economic development. The HDI is a combined measure of three dimensions of human development. - living a long and healthy life - measured by life expectancy - being education - measured by literacy rates, - having a decent standard of living - measure by GDP poverty line Answer- A measure of the minimum level of income required to cover the basic income required to cover the basic costs of living and achieve an adequate standard of living globalisation Answer- the interconnectedness of the world through the transfer of goods, services, capital, people and information food security Answer- the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, safe food regularly through loval non-emergency sources Differences in global health Answer- this is influenced by the impact of income, gender, education, healthcare, political stability, peace, global marketing and physical environments Sustainability - UN Answer- to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Human development - UN Answer- Creating an invironment in which people can develop to their full potantial and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's chouces and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives Sustainable human development Answer- Refers to a process of people striving to achieve their full potantial, lead more productive lives, expand their choices and meet their need without compromising the opportunits for future generations to meet their own needs. Millennium Development Goals Answer- outline eight goals to be reached by 2015. they set targets for developing countries to reduce poverty and hunger, and to tackle ill health, gender inequality, lack of education, lack of access to clean water and environmental degradation. They are interconnected, in order to achieve one, a country must also work towards achieving others, for example, improving child mortality rates cannot be achieves without ensuring a safe water supply, improving maternal health and creating access to adequate nutrition. The 8 millenium development goals Answer- 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Comat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development emergency relief aid/ humanitarian assistance Answer- involves the sending of resources such as temporary shelter, food and other requirements to areas experiencing a disaster Bilateral aid Answer- involves governments to governments of different countries and usually makes up the alrgest part of the aid a country recieves Multilateral aid Answer- governments of developed countries give money to organsiations such as WHO and UN, which is used to fund non government programs in developing countries Non- government aid Answer- NGO's provide aid directly to the communities in whech they are working in developing countries. This aid type usually support projects that focus on community development and participation Essential elements of sustainable programs Answer- Equity - Does it include women? Does it include those most in need? Affordability - Does it focus on edeucation? Is it affordale for the community long term? Appropriateness - Does it respect cultural values? is it accessible? Does it empower people? programs to improve global health and development - Literacy Answer- Education for all - Fast track initiative Universal education by 2015 helps low income countries achieve a free, universal education by 2015. provides additional resources to implement sound sector plans programs to improve global health and development - food security Answer- World hunger campaign - CARE australia, providing humanitarian assistance accross the globe. non-government, emergency aid programs to improve global health and development - safewater Answer- World Health Life Water health life helps the world poorest communities to secure long-term access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. non gov, $25 a month or one off donations. BUil wells, bores, toilets and rainwater tanks. protect springs and other water sources, educate communities. programs to improve global health and development - HIV/AIDs and Malaria Answer- nothing but nets simple, affordable, donations, $10 per bed net. Malaira is preventable, poorest people have no way of protecting themselves. UN Answer- a forum where all member states have the opportunity to voice their opinions on issues that affect us all. Provide global health and sustainable human development through the following areas of action. - World peace and security - HUman rights - Humanitarian (conflict) assistance - social and economic development UN Social and economic development Answer- promotion of higher standards of living, full employment and the conditions of economic and social progress and development. Promotes social and aconomic goals, including providing grants for sustainable development worldwide UN human rights Answer- ensuring that all global citizens experience equity for all, including combatting racism. Working to promotes and protect these rights and to assist governments in carrying out their responsibilits to uphold them UN peace and security Answer- four principal areas - conflict prevention - peacekeeping -peacemaking and enforcements - peace building. Settle disputes peacefullu, prevent conflict from breaking out, ending as soon as possible, address the root causes of the war and create the foundations for lasting peace. WHO - the core functions of the world health organisation in providing global health and sustainable development Answer- - monitoring the ehalth situation and assessing health trends - providing leadership on maters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where join action is needed/ - setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation AusAid objective Answer- to assist developing countries to reduce poverty and achieve sustainable development in line with Australia's national interests defining the dimensions of health - physical health Answer- relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness ie. having reliable body function, healthy blood pressure level, healthy weight for height, being physically fit, being free from disease or illness defining the dimensions of health - social health Answer- Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independant and cooporative way ie, maintaining a network of friends, communicating effectively with others, obeying the laws and rules of society, accepting responsibility for actions defining the dimensions of health - mental health Answer- state of well being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is bale to make a contribution to his or her community ie. recognising and expressing feelings, being resilient and able to cope with a range of situations, supporting and helping family, feeling good about oneself, having coping mechanisms for stress Health adjusted life expectancy HALE Answer- a measure of burden of disease, based on life expectancy at birth, but includng an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality. mortality Answer- The numer of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor. morbidity Answer- ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a populations or group disability adjusted life year DALY Answer- a measure of burden of disease - one DALY equals to one healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury Burden of disease Answer- A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it means the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measure by the unit called DALY years of life lost YLL Answer- the fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as the years of like lost due to death years lost due to disability YLD Answer- the non-fatal component of the disease burden an is a measurement of the healthy years lost due to diseases or injurues incidence Answer- the number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time prevalence Answer- the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time determinants of health Answer- factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and why some groups have better or worse health than others. Determinants can be classified in many ways such as biological, behavioural and social Biological determinants of health Answer- factors relating to the body that impact on health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and birth weight Behavioural determinants of health Answer- Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity, participation in physical activity and eating practices, alcohol Social determinants of health Answer- aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences, social networkd and support, education, income, cultural traditions Environmental determinants of health Answer- all external factors that impact on the health and development of an individual or group, ie quality of water, chemical hazards socioeconomic status Answer- sometimes referred to as social class, the key elemants of income, education level, employment status and occupational type determins a persons' socioeconomic status. people from lower socioeconomic groups have higher rates of mortality overal and for most causes of death reasons for differences in life expectancy between males and females Answer- currently Australian females have a life expectancy approximately five years longer than Australian males. males are more likely to have negative lifestyle patterns, poor health service utilisation, particularly preventative health services and show a poor uptake of health promotion messages. concerns in men's health include cardiovascular disease (CVD) cancer, diabetes and injuris. concerns in womens health include the increase in smoking and subsequent affects on health such as cancer and CVD national Health Priority Areas (NHPA) MAD COMIC Answer- a collaborative initiative endorsed by the commonwealth and all state and territory governments, which seeks to focus the health sector's attention on diseases or conditions that have a major impact on the health of australians. The NHPAs represent the disease groups with the largest burden of disease and potential costs - direct, indirect and tangible to the australian community Mental Health NHPA Answer- mental health is the state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contributions to his or her community. Mental health was identified as an NHPA as it is one of the leading causes of non-fatal burden of disease and injury in Australia and is responsible for a large number of disability cases and hospitalisations, and it causes high direct and indirect costs. HEADSPACE, BEYOND BLUE Asthma NHPA Answer- asthma is a chronic condition that affect the small air passages of the lungs. When exposed to certain triggers the airways of people with asthma will narrow, making it hard for them to breathe, It was announced as a NHPA due to the physical, social and economic and emotional burden it places on the community. It is a leading cause of school absenteeism and hospital emergency attendance for children. ASTHMA FRIENDLY SCHOOL PROGRAM Diabetes mellitus NHPA Answer- is a metabolic disease in which high bloody glucose levels result from defective insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Diabetes is a NHPA due to the impact it has on the community and the potential for improved health incomes. Diabetes and its complications contribute significantly to ill health, disability an premature death in Australia. It inceases the risk of complications such as kidney disease and coronary heart disease and also contributes to other causes of mortality and morbidity. NATIONAL DIABETES ACTION PROGRAM (NDAP) cardivascular disease NHPA Answer- includes all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels that are caused mainly by damage to the blood supply to the heart, brain and legs. IT encompasses coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease, which are the four main contributers to cardiovascular disease burdan in aus. It was identified as a NHPA because, even though death rates in recent years have declined, cardiovascular disease remains the largest cause of premature death in aus. as well as its widespread nature, potential for preventions and because it places a large economic burden on the healthcare system as the most expensive disease group. TICK PROGRAM obesity NHPA Answer- refers to the prescence of excess fat tissue in the body, according to the body mass index BMI which is more than 30% body fat. Obesity has been identified as a NHPA in recognition of the urgent need to tackle the obesity crisis. it was estimated that about half of all aus adults are overweight or obese and it is expected that over the next 10 years obesity rates will contribute to significant growth in type 2 diabetes. THE STEPHANIE ALEXANDER KITCHEN GARDEN NATIONAL PROGRAM musculoskeletal conditions and arthritis NHPA Answer- Arthritis is a term to describe a disorder of one or more joints. Arthritis disorders are part of a broader group of disorders of the muscles and bones called musculoskeletal disorders. Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions were added as a NHPA becuase of the health and aconomic burden these diseases place on the community, including the use of hospital and primary care services, disruptions to daily life and lost productively through disability. They are highly prevalent and large contributors to illness, pain and disability. WAVES WARM WATER WELLNESS PROGRAM Injury prevention and control NHPA Answer- injuries include intential harm, such as suicide, and unintentional harm, such as falls, poisoning, drowning, burns and scalds and transport-related injuries. Injuries can results in death or cause a range of physical, cognitive and psychological disabilities and reduce quality of life. It was one of the original NHPAs because injuries are a leading cause of mortalit and disability. THey are the main cause of death in aus under the age of 45 and are a major healthcare cost. Injuries are also highly preventable and there are significan opportunities for reducing the burdan of injury through significant effective prevention strategies. ARIVE ALIVE Cancer control NHPA Answer- cancer is a term to describe a diverse group of diseases in which some of the cells in the body become defective. Cells behave abnormally and may spread out of control and invade and damgae tissue around them and can also spread to other parts of the body. cancer was identified as a NHPA because as with cardiovascular disease, cancer contributes significantly to disease burdan. It also places a large economic burden on the healthcare system. it is estimated that 1 in 4 women and one in 3 men in aus will be directly affected by cancer at some stage in their life. NATIONAL BOWEL SCREENING PROGRAM direct costs Answer- include costs that can be accurately quantified and result from the prevention, treatment or diagnosis of disease or illness. THese costs often relate specifically to the monetary expenditure associated with treating or diagnosing illness such as costs of medical treatment and medication. ambulance, phameceutical expenses, healthcare services indirect costs Answer- are measures that are more difficult to value in monetary terms, refer to costs incurred by an indiviual, an individuals family of the community because of the consequences of the illness may have on an individual's work and social activities. they represent the value of lost output die to reduced productivity caused by an illness. eg unpaid care, reduced or lost productivity, absenteeism, travel costs related to recieving treatment and care, additional services, loss or partial loss of current and future earnings. intangible costs Answer- include those costs that cannot be associated with a dollar value and relate to the human costs - social and emotional - of loss and quality of life rather than the financial impact. They inclue the pain and suffering or the emotional costs associated with the illness on the individual on their community. ie loss of an individual from a community due to premature death, pain and suffering, anxiety and stress due to reduced productivity, loss of time, loss of quality of life nutrients Answer- organic and inorganic substances found in food that are required by the body for the growth and maintenance of body systems macronutrients Answer- needed byt he body in large amounts. made up of larger molecules that are required byt he body in high quanities in order to perorm necessary functions such as provision of energy micronutrients Answer- nutrients that are small in size and only needed in small quantities for the functions they perform enzymes Answer- protien-based chemical that allows the chemical reactions involved in the digestion to take place carbohydrates Answer- are on of the three macronutirents that provide the body with energy. are the preferred energy source for the body. carbohydrastes are generally divided into two principal kinds: complex ans imple caborhydrates (sugars) which can be found in foods such as fruit honey and milk/ glycaemic index (GI) Answer- the ranking of carbohydrates according to the different ways they behave in the body in relation to blood glucose levels. eating food that have a low GI can assist with long term health and sustainable weight loss fibre Answer- a type of carbohydrate the body does not digest. fibre provides bulk and can also hold extra water. this action helps prevent constipation, haemorrhoids and diverticular disease and may be protective against bowel cancer. a high fibre diet is also associated with a lower risk of heart disease. Foods high in bibre are digested more slowl and this slows the rise in blood glucose after eating protien Answer- is necessary for the growth, repair and maintenance of body tissues. They are also used to produce enzymes, hormones and antibodies, which are vital for the regulation of matabolism and protection against disease. Protien can also be metabolised to release energy fats Answer- have several roles int he diet, including a role as a source of energy. fats also protect body organs, aid in body temperature control by providing the body with warmth, help absorb and move nutrients around the body and are involved in hormone production saturated fats Answer- include fats found in animal foods, tend to be solid at room temperature and raise bad cholesterol in the blood eg. meat, full fat milk, cheese, butter, cream, baked products, deep fried fast food, coconut and palm oil monosaturated fats Answer- are the most common fats found in plant-based oils such as olive, canola and peanut oils, in monosaturated soft margarines, advocados, nuts and leaner meats. unlike saturated fats, a diet high in monounsaturated fats helps lower levels of bad cholesterol without lowering the levels of good cholesterol in the blood. healthiest source of fats. eg. hazelnuts, cashews and almonds, canola or olive oil margarine spreads olive, canola, and peanut oils. polyunsaturated fats Answer- are also considered to be a healthier option to saturated fats. these are found in products such as vegetable oil. omega 3 and omege 6 fatty acids are two types of plyunsaturated fat. these nutrients are important for the body's development and help protect against many diseases. eg, fish, seafood, walnuts,seeds, brazil nuts vitamin a Answer- liver, kidneys, fish, liver, oils, butter, eggs, red/orange vegetables. formation and maintenance of skin tissue to protect against infections, vision in dim light, normal growth of bones and teeth, plays a role in normal cell development vitamin D Answer- fish, liver, kidney, butter, margarine, cream, sunligh. essential for calcium and phosphorus aborption and is in bone growth and maintenance, helps maintain blood levels of calcium vitamin c Answer- citrus fruit, broccoli, capsicum, brussels sprouts, cabage, tomatoes, raspberries. formation of collagen in skin, ligaments and bones, protects against infections, aids in iron absorption calcium Answer- milk, cheese, yoghurt, almosnts, canned fish with edible bones, kale, broccoli. growth of bones, regular heart beat, blood clotting, muscle contraction phosporous Answer- wholegrains, legumes, milk, beef, some fish. mineralisation of bones nutritional factors that will decrease and increase risk of obesity Answer- risks: excessive intake of high gi foods, high intake of any type of fat, low fibre intake. preventive: low gi foods, fibre, consuming low fat foods nutritional factors that will decrease and increase risk of cardiovascular disease Answer- risks: high sodium intake, low fibre intake, high amounts of saturated fats and trans fats preventative: omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, fibre, antioxidents, folate nutritional factors that will decrease and increase risk of colorectol cancer Answer- risks: high fat intake, low fibre intake preventatives: fibre nutritional factors that will decrease and increase risk of diabetes Answer- risks: high gi foods, saturated fats, alcohol consumption, low fibre intake preventatives: low gi foods, fibre, monounsaturated fats nutritional factors that will decrease and increase risk of osteoporosis Answer- risks: diet lacking in calcium, consuming large ammounts of alcohol, coffee, cola, consuming sodium at the same time as calcium preventatives: diet high in calcium, phosphorous - aids in absorption of calcium in the bones and teeth.