Lju4801 -Review Notes for Final Exam Legal Philosophy 2022.

Lju4801 -Review Notes for Final Exam Legal Philosophy 2022. —(1): immortality of the “soul"- consciousness persists after death -man is "dual being"- body and soul are separate entities -cells alone don't have souls, but together create a soul (that is developed through gestation and growth) -"your consciousness, your memory, may exist even after you are dead. This is what we mean by the soul.” -consciousness develops through growth and experiences -can be conscious during early experience at the time, and not aware of it now (how he remembered death of soldier, but not of Abe Lincoln) -raises question: May your consciousness persist after death, even though you're not aware of the fact? -(older people) body will function even though ego is practically dead -(2): "the resurrection of the body” -body of every man now is part made from the dead -modern scientific doctrine of the indestructibility of matter and force -Coal Metaphor: some goes up chimney, some heat to the house, and residue in the hearth… as is us. -When we realize that we all are approaching an inevitable doom will we be more kind and considerate of each other -We must live a common life and die a common death Kubler Ross: Stages of Death and Dying (pg. 63-71) Kubler-Ross: —Philosopher, psychologist by training —Researcher in the field of thanatology (the study of death and dying) -Best known for theory that people come to terms with death over a protracted period of time and that process usually involves passing through five distinct stages: 1st Stage: Denial and Isolation —“No, not me, it cannot be true” —Anxious denial is typical of patient who informed by someone who does not know patient well or does it quickly to “get it over with” —Denial isn’t gone, it comes back time to time 2nd Stage: Anger —“Why me?” —Looks at others: “Why not him? He was 82 years old, and he is of no earthly use…” —Anger is displaced in all directions and projected onto the environment at times almost at random —Nurses get it bad —Patient who is respected and understood will soon lower his voice and reduce his angry demands. He will know that he is a valuable human being, cared for, allowed to function at the highest possible level as long as he can 3rd Stage: Bargaining —“If God as decided to take us away from this earth and he did not respond to my angry pleas, he may be more favorable if I ask nicely” —Singer asks to be able to sing one more time —Asks for extension of life, followed by the wish for a few days without pain or physical discomfort — 4th Stage: Depression —Reactive Depression -Woman loses breasts, gets breast prosthesis. -Husband learns how to help her self esteem after she feels less of woman -Mom learns that her children play in yard with neighbors while husband is at work —Preparatory Depression -When the depression is a tool to prepare for the impending loss of all the love objects, in order to facilitate the state of acceptance, then encouragements and reassurances are not as meaningful —Don’t tell not to be sad —No to little need for words. Much more a feeling that can be mutually expressed better by stroke of hand 5th Stage: Acceptance —Should not be mistaken for happy stage. It is almost a void of feelings —Also time where family needs more help, understanding, and comfort than the patient himself Sarte’s Nausea Malhotra’s Sartre and Yoga (Chapters 1-3) Characters: Anny— -main character that at one point loved Roquentin. -She believed in ‘big moments’ in the beginning but in the end she didn’t -Only time anything made sense is when on stage. -Everything is pre-determined, steps to take on stage already planned -This is when she tasted meaningful life -In the End: Comes to tell that she doesn’t believe in perfect/big moments anymore She is Roquentin's old lover and lives in Paris. Even though she begs Roquentin to come see her, she is more interested in the man he used to be. She admittedly lives in the past, rereading the same history books and recalling the "perfect moments" of her life. She refuses to resume her relationship with Roquentin since she is already the mistress of a number of men who pay for her apartment. Roquentin— -suffers from nausea -he is a existentialist -A non-fiction historian writer who came to Bouville, France -Bouville: because all the papers he needs is in the library in village -Decides to become fiction writer The Self-Taught Man— as Roquentin goes to the library to write chapter and research… he finds someone else in the library Function he serves: -he follows the ruck -Even though he’s always in there reading he isn’t getting any wisdom -Many think if we are reading many book we are getting wisdom -But it only works if you put it together as knowledge to wisdom. -Roquentin mocks him for thinking he can learn all there is to know by reading everything in the Library in alphabetical order. -He is a defender of humanism, believing that all men and women are united by the common bond of love. Francoise— The barmaid of a local cafe, she is Roquentin's sometime lover. As his nausea progresses he is more and more disgusted at the prospect of having sex with her. Builders of Bouville— For the past ten years, Roquentin has been researching the Marquis de Rollebon, a French aristocrat who lived during the French Revolution. Rollebon was originally from Bouville so Roquentin moved there to complete his research and write a book about him. Whenever he looks in a mirror, he is not sure if he sees his own face or Rollebon's. He soon loses interest in his work, realizing that he can never understand Rollebon as if he were still alive. Roquentin feels constrained by the past, choosing instead to live in the present. Terms “Holding a knife, he is shocked by the raw sensation of its handle. Suddenly, he understands what the Nausea is about: his fear of existence. Anything he touches no longer has any essence; it just exists. His revelation climaxes when he sees the root of a chestnut tree under a park bench. Roquentin can find no words to describe the root--it is simply there” Sparknotes “He thinks back on the bartender's purple suspenders and realizes that they were never purple, but something that looked like a "color." He concludes that an object's essence is a simplified idea to hide its existence. The uneasy feeling of his Nausea is a result of colors, tastes, and smells that are not real. His feelings of Nausea also come from what he calls “contingency." He thinks that people attribute essences to objects to supply a reason for their existence. But he claims that there is no necessary reason for something to exist--it is there by accident. Since human existence is contingent, meaning anything can happen at any moment, Roquentin finds no reason for existence: it is just a free gift.” Under chestnut tree crude existence reveals itself to Roquentin. He at last understands the meaning of existence: Superfluous, Absurd, Contingent, and Viscous. He finds no reason for existence to be or not to be. Roquentin feels that he, too, is superfluous, contingent, and absurd. Metaphor— s Humor— s Irony— s Satire— -Incorporates humor -(Humor is comedy when presented as a show) -Rough to people -“Humor is telling the truth quickly” -When Montar laws are followed strictly we look like robots Diary Form— Stream of Consciousness Superfluous- “De trop” -Something may be called superfluous when there is no need for it, when it is extra, unwanted, in the way, or in excess. We may also call something superfluous if its presence does not serve any function. Sartre thinks that existence is not only present in abundance but that is has no purpose or reason. Therefore existence is superfluous. -“A free gift” Absurdity— -a phenomenon is absurd if no possible reason can explain it -Roquentin experiences the absurdity of existence because he finds that there is no reason for it to be or not to be. It is just there. Contingency— -Sartre uses the theme of contingency to criticize humanism's emphasis on a rational world with human existence as its focus and purpose. -In everyday language we call a thing contingent when it is not logically necessary. Thus, an event is contingent if its occurrence is possible but not certain, or if it occurs either by chance or through some inexplicable cause. In other words, something is contingent if it is accidental. - Viscous— For Roquentin, existence is viscous in the above sense: neither solid nor liquid nor capable by any concepts or categories. Concepts cannot give us the real sense of molasses, larva, and jelly, for example, are like: we must touch, see, or taste them. Analogously, intellectual concepts or ideas cannot reveal the true nature of existence. It is only through an immediate, intuitive experience that one can have the “feel” of it. Existence— Nausea— Freedom— (1) a human being is essentially free— that is, the human existence is freedom.