1. Briefly describe the overall structure and functions of the following
components of the human body.
a) Overall structure and functions of a human cell:
Structure:
Cell is the tiniest living units of structures and functions in the body (EQUALS
International 2020, HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 12). Cell comprises of three
components, namely, cell membrane, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The outside
structure of the cell comprises of a cell membrane that is semi-penetrable in nature
which permits simply exacting data to move in just as move out from the cell. The
nucleus is the control centre of the cell which is made up of a nuclear membrane and
it shapes the function of the cell and the fundamental structure of that cell.
Cytoplasm is the means for the chemical reaction which is gel- like liquid inside the
cell. It offers a surface on which other organelles can function within the cell.
Mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes and golgi apparatus
are some of the examples of cytoplasmic organelles (National Cancer Institute –
SEER Training Modules n.d.).
Functions:
Cell gives structure to the body and get supplements from food and transform those
supplements into energy which will help completing different capacities. All the
organelles in the cell work in harmony to keep the cell alive and each of the cell
needs to do the specific function. The general functions of the cell incorporate
movement of substances through the cell membrane which embrace osmosis,
diffusion, endocytosis, purification and exocytosis, DNA replication and protein
synthesis and the division of the cell to form new cells for growth, repair and
substitution in the body (National Cancer Institute – SEER Training Modules n.d.).
b) Overall structure and functions of skeletal muscle tissue:
Structure:
Skeletal muscle tissue is called voluntary muscle (EQUALS International 2020,
HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 108). Skeletal muscle tissue comprises of groups of
cells consolidated to create muscle filaments. Each skeletal muscle is in fact made
up of muscle filaments enclosed by the covering of connective muscle tissue. Every
muscle is enclosed by a cover of connective tissue alluded to as epimysium. Parts of
epimysium plan inward to disseminate the muscle into compartments each of which
,comprises of a collection of muscle fibres named as fasciculus which is enclosed by
a bed of connective tissue known as the perimysium. Each individual muscle fibre
within the fasciculus is encircled by a delicate connective tissue alluded as
endomysium. Skeletal muscle cell is soft and frail in nature (National Cancer Institute
– SEER Training Modules n.d.).
Functions:
The essential functions of the skeletal muscle take place through its inherent
excitation-compression connection measure. As the muscle is appended deep down
ligaments, the constriction of the muscle stimulates development of that bone that
considers the presentation of obvious developments. The skeletal muscle
additionally provides shape to the body and assists in keeping up the posture of the
body. The skeletal muscle likewise assumes a crucial part in maintaining
thermostasis and acts as the source of energy during starvation (Dave, Shook &
Varacallo, 2020).
2. Briefly describe the following four (4) major types of cellular adaptation.
a) Hyperplasia: Hyperplasia is an enlargement in the quantity of cells of an organ or
tissue, which may then have expanded volume (EQUALS International 2020,
HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 139).
b) Hypertrophy: Hypertrophy is the growth in the components of cells and with the
change, a development on the size of the organ.
c) Atrophy: Atrophy is an acquired loss in the size because of decrease of cell size
or much number of parenchyma cells of an organ. For example, from loss of nerve
supply (EQUALS International 2020, HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 139).
d) Metaplasia: Metaplasia is the transition from one normal adult cell type to another
normal adult cell type, e.g., transition from squamous to glandular cells and vice
versa (King 2007).
3. Briefly describe the following life processes in your own words.
a) Organization: The degree of existing living things is masterminded from the
easiest to the most unpredictable, for example, cells, tissues, organs, organisms,
,organ framework, populace, networks, biosphere and environment. Every part has
own must act in participation with others. Indeed, even a solitary cell, on the off
chance that it loses its honesty or association, will die (National Cancer Institute –
SEER Training Modules n.d.).
b) Processes of metabolism: The errands of separating the food into the tiniest
form and converting into energy. Metabolism is an expansive term that incorporates
all the chemical reactions that happen in the body. One period of metabolism is
catabolism where complex stuffs are broken down into more straightforward
structures and energy is delivered (National Cancer Institute – SEER Training
Modules n.d.).
c) Nutrition: Nutrition is the way toward getting food and processing the food for use
by the organism (O'Brien 2017). Nutrition is required for energy and development.
d) Biological maturation: Biological maturation is a strategy of being totally
matured. For instance: when male reproductive cells like egg or sperm begin to be
totally ready to go through fertilization process. Reproduction additionally alludes to
the development of new cells for the substitution and fixation of old cells just as for
development (National Cancer Institute – SEER Training Modules n.d.).
e) Inheritance: Inheritance is where posterity acquires physical character from their
parents such as the shade of eyes, nose shape, skin colour, height, shape of the
face or even some extra special physical appearance.
f) Ageing: Ageing is the methodology wherein an individual begins to be older and
weaker with low immunity power.
4. Briefly describe the six (6) levels of structural organisation of the human
body in order from the smallest structural unit to the largest.
The six levels of structural organisation of the human body in order from the smallest
unit to the largest are (OpenStax College 2013):
Chemical level: It is the first and smallest level of the structural organisation
of human body. The body is comprised of different chemicals that join to shape
, the different molecules found in the human body. Atoms attach to shape
molecules that are the chemical building blocks of all body structures. For
instance, Adenosine triphosphate, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and so forth.
Cellular level: The cellular level is comprised of the tiniest unit of living
matter, the cell. Cells are the tiniest structures able to perform activities that are
necessary for life. For instance, muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, and so
forth.
Tissue level: Tissues are gatherings of akin cells that have a mutual function.
For instance, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, and so forth.
Organ level: An organ comprises of at least two kinds of tissue, which
empower them to perform a specific job or function inside the body. It
incorporates the brain, stomach, and liver. Intricate functions start to arise at this
level.
Organ system level: An organ system is a gathering of organs that
collaborate to accomplish significant functions or address physiological issues of
the body. For example, the heart and blood vessels function jointly and circulate
blood all through the body to give oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
Organismal level: The organismal level is the most significant level of
structural organisation of the human body. It is the entirety of all basic levels
cooperating. So, it is the individual (or living being) all in all.
5. The human body strives to adjust to conditions that are optimal for survival.
Answer the following questions on homeostasis.
a) Briefly describe the concept of homeostasis in your own words.
Homeostasis is the aptitude of the human body to sustain healthy inward
environmental factors with respect to altering outer climate. It refers to maintaining
the body balance such as normal body temperature, normal heart beat, normal blood
sugar level, blood pressure, body fluid composition, gas concentration, etc. For
example, our body cannot function if it gets the high carbon dioxide levels, therefore,
components of the human body.
a) Overall structure and functions of a human cell:
Structure:
Cell is the tiniest living units of structures and functions in the body (EQUALS
International 2020, HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 12). Cell comprises of three
components, namely, cell membrane, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The outside
structure of the cell comprises of a cell membrane that is semi-penetrable in nature
which permits simply exacting data to move in just as move out from the cell. The
nucleus is the control centre of the cell which is made up of a nuclear membrane and
it shapes the function of the cell and the fundamental structure of that cell.
Cytoplasm is the means for the chemical reaction which is gel- like liquid inside the
cell. It offers a surface on which other organelles can function within the cell.
Mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes and golgi apparatus
are some of the examples of cytoplasmic organelles (National Cancer Institute –
SEER Training Modules n.d.).
Functions:
Cell gives structure to the body and get supplements from food and transform those
supplements into energy which will help completing different capacities. All the
organelles in the cell work in harmony to keep the cell alive and each of the cell
needs to do the specific function. The general functions of the cell incorporate
movement of substances through the cell membrane which embrace osmosis,
diffusion, endocytosis, purification and exocytosis, DNA replication and protein
synthesis and the division of the cell to form new cells for growth, repair and
substitution in the body (National Cancer Institute – SEER Training Modules n.d.).
b) Overall structure and functions of skeletal muscle tissue:
Structure:
Skeletal muscle tissue is called voluntary muscle (EQUALS International 2020,
HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 108). Skeletal muscle tissue comprises of groups of
cells consolidated to create muscle filaments. Each skeletal muscle is in fact made
up of muscle filaments enclosed by the covering of connective muscle tissue. Every
muscle is enclosed by a cover of connective tissue alluded to as epimysium. Parts of
epimysium plan inward to disseminate the muscle into compartments each of which
,comprises of a collection of muscle fibres named as fasciculus which is enclosed by
a bed of connective tissue known as the perimysium. Each individual muscle fibre
within the fasciculus is encircled by a delicate connective tissue alluded as
endomysium. Skeletal muscle cell is soft and frail in nature (National Cancer Institute
– SEER Training Modules n.d.).
Functions:
The essential functions of the skeletal muscle take place through its inherent
excitation-compression connection measure. As the muscle is appended deep down
ligaments, the constriction of the muscle stimulates development of that bone that
considers the presentation of obvious developments. The skeletal muscle
additionally provides shape to the body and assists in keeping up the posture of the
body. The skeletal muscle likewise assumes a crucial part in maintaining
thermostasis and acts as the source of energy during starvation (Dave, Shook &
Varacallo, 2020).
2. Briefly describe the following four (4) major types of cellular adaptation.
a) Hyperplasia: Hyperplasia is an enlargement in the quantity of cells of an organ or
tissue, which may then have expanded volume (EQUALS International 2020,
HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 139).
b) Hypertrophy: Hypertrophy is the growth in the components of cells and with the
change, a development on the size of the organ.
c) Atrophy: Atrophy is an acquired loss in the size because of decrease of cell size
or much number of parenchyma cells of an organ. For example, from loss of nerve
supply (EQUALS International 2020, HLTAAP002Powerpoint No. 139).
d) Metaplasia: Metaplasia is the transition from one normal adult cell type to another
normal adult cell type, e.g., transition from squamous to glandular cells and vice
versa (King 2007).
3. Briefly describe the following life processes in your own words.
a) Organization: The degree of existing living things is masterminded from the
easiest to the most unpredictable, for example, cells, tissues, organs, organisms,
,organ framework, populace, networks, biosphere and environment. Every part has
own must act in participation with others. Indeed, even a solitary cell, on the off
chance that it loses its honesty or association, will die (National Cancer Institute –
SEER Training Modules n.d.).
b) Processes of metabolism: The errands of separating the food into the tiniest
form and converting into energy. Metabolism is an expansive term that incorporates
all the chemical reactions that happen in the body. One period of metabolism is
catabolism where complex stuffs are broken down into more straightforward
structures and energy is delivered (National Cancer Institute – SEER Training
Modules n.d.).
c) Nutrition: Nutrition is the way toward getting food and processing the food for use
by the organism (O'Brien 2017). Nutrition is required for energy and development.
d) Biological maturation: Biological maturation is a strategy of being totally
matured. For instance: when male reproductive cells like egg or sperm begin to be
totally ready to go through fertilization process. Reproduction additionally alludes to
the development of new cells for the substitution and fixation of old cells just as for
development (National Cancer Institute – SEER Training Modules n.d.).
e) Inheritance: Inheritance is where posterity acquires physical character from their
parents such as the shade of eyes, nose shape, skin colour, height, shape of the
face or even some extra special physical appearance.
f) Ageing: Ageing is the methodology wherein an individual begins to be older and
weaker with low immunity power.
4. Briefly describe the six (6) levels of structural organisation of the human
body in order from the smallest structural unit to the largest.
The six levels of structural organisation of the human body in order from the smallest
unit to the largest are (OpenStax College 2013):
Chemical level: It is the first and smallest level of the structural organisation
of human body. The body is comprised of different chemicals that join to shape
, the different molecules found in the human body. Atoms attach to shape
molecules that are the chemical building blocks of all body structures. For
instance, Adenosine triphosphate, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and so forth.
Cellular level: The cellular level is comprised of the tiniest unit of living
matter, the cell. Cells are the tiniest structures able to perform activities that are
necessary for life. For instance, muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, and so
forth.
Tissue level: Tissues are gatherings of akin cells that have a mutual function.
For instance, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, and so forth.
Organ level: An organ comprises of at least two kinds of tissue, which
empower them to perform a specific job or function inside the body. It
incorporates the brain, stomach, and liver. Intricate functions start to arise at this
level.
Organ system level: An organ system is a gathering of organs that
collaborate to accomplish significant functions or address physiological issues of
the body. For example, the heart and blood vessels function jointly and circulate
blood all through the body to give oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
Organismal level: The organismal level is the most significant level of
structural organisation of the human body. It is the entirety of all basic levels
cooperating. So, it is the individual (or living being) all in all.
5. The human body strives to adjust to conditions that are optimal for survival.
Answer the following questions on homeostasis.
a) Briefly describe the concept of homeostasis in your own words.
Homeostasis is the aptitude of the human body to sustain healthy inward
environmental factors with respect to altering outer climate. It refers to maintaining
the body balance such as normal body temperature, normal heart beat, normal blood
sugar level, blood pressure, body fluid composition, gas concentration, etc. For
example, our body cannot function if it gets the high carbon dioxide levels, therefore,
