BIOL 130 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 16
1) A gene is made up of three exons (numbered consecutively) with two introns (intron 1
between exons 1 and 2 and intron 2 between exons 2 and 3). What would happen if there
were a mutation at the 3’ splice site of intron 1?
***mRNA with all three exons along with intron 1
2) What would happen if there were a mutation in the operator of the trp operon?
***the trp operon would continuously express the genes
3) In eukaryotes, where would a protective modification be found on mRNA?
***on both the 5’ end and the 3’ end
4) Enhancers located hundreds of bases upstream of a gene can be brought to the promoter
by .
****DNA bending proteins
5) The portions of the mature mRNA where RNA-binding proteins can attach in order to
change RNA stability are known as
***untranslated regions
6) Epigenetics refers to a special kind of hereditary mechanism. Epigenetic changes do not
change the DNA nucleotide sequence, yet their effect on gene expression can last for
several generations.
In one surprising study, it was found that the grandsons of men who suffered a famine were
less likely to die of cardiovascular disease. The experience of famine made some cardio-
protective change in the sperm of those grandfathers that was passed on.
What type of change was likely responsible?
***histone acetylation or DNA methylation
7) is the first protein to bind to mRNA to being initiation of translation.
***eIF-2
8) What part of the ribosome is important in catalyzing peptide bonds?
***the rRNA
9) If every cell in the body gets the same DNA, how do the cells of an embryo make different
structures and take on different roles? (Select all that apply.)
***Different transcription factors are active in different cells / Different transcription factors
are encoded in the DNA / Genes are spliced differently in different cells / Translation is
regulated so that different cells may make more of certain proteins. 0.67/1.0 Points
10) Overexpression of miRNAs can lead to a decrease of protein expression associated
with some forms of cancer. What could a drug do to counter this effect?
***decrease expression of miRNA
Chapter 17
1) In order to focus on only the expressed portions of DNA, what type of sequencing can
be used?
***whole-exome sequencing
2) How can scientists tell how closely related two organisms are?
***the more genes they share, the more similar
3) A change in the level of an individual protein in a diseased cell is known as a
***biomarker
, 4) Three fish species are models for understanding different aspects of genes. Read the
descriptions and decide what sort of genetics each is used for.
A. Developmental genetics
B. Evolutionary genetics of skeletal
structures
C. Genome analysis
1. Takifugu rubripes – A poisonous marine pufferfish; has an unusually
C
small genome compared to other vertebrates but still carries all essential
genes.
A 2. Danio rerio – The zebrafish common to amateur aquaria. Many color morphs
are available, they breed readily, and embryos are transparent.
3. Three-spined stickleback – Stickleback species have variable structure of the
B
bony vertebrae and different numbers of spines on the back.
5) A species that is well studied so that we can learn more about the way we work is call a
.
***model organism
6) An individual may have a mutation that causes them to break down a drug much more
quickly than normal people. They were then provided with a higher dose, which was
effective in treating the disease. This is an example of .
***pharmacogenomics
7) Linkage analysis determines
***how close two genes are on the same chromosome by recombination
8) hotspots can decrease the accuracy of linkage maps.
***recombination
9) Isolating all of the RNA out of an organism, subjecting it to reverse transcriptase, and then
cloning all of the resulting DNA into plasmids is the process of creating
***cDNA libraries
10) Before cellular DNA can be subjected to gel electrophoresis, what needs to happen?
***released and
isolated CHAPTER 18
1) Reproductive barriers increasing over time would lead to .
***Reinforcement
2) The difference between dispersal and vicariance when considering allopatric speciation is
that dispersal has organisms leaving the homeland for a different one while vicariance
***is when a natural occurrence physically separates the population
3) In the process of adaptive radiation, there is usually one species from which others will
quickly diverge. This original species is known as the
***founder species
4) A superhighway is put down in a field separating a population of snails. Over time, they
acquire mutations and become two different species. This is an example of
speciation.
Chapter 16
1) A gene is made up of three exons (numbered consecutively) with two introns (intron 1
between exons 1 and 2 and intron 2 between exons 2 and 3). What would happen if there
were a mutation at the 3’ splice site of intron 1?
***mRNA with all three exons along with intron 1
2) What would happen if there were a mutation in the operator of the trp operon?
***the trp operon would continuously express the genes
3) In eukaryotes, where would a protective modification be found on mRNA?
***on both the 5’ end and the 3’ end
4) Enhancers located hundreds of bases upstream of a gene can be brought to the promoter
by .
****DNA bending proteins
5) The portions of the mature mRNA where RNA-binding proteins can attach in order to
change RNA stability are known as
***untranslated regions
6) Epigenetics refers to a special kind of hereditary mechanism. Epigenetic changes do not
change the DNA nucleotide sequence, yet their effect on gene expression can last for
several generations.
In one surprising study, it was found that the grandsons of men who suffered a famine were
less likely to die of cardiovascular disease. The experience of famine made some cardio-
protective change in the sperm of those grandfathers that was passed on.
What type of change was likely responsible?
***histone acetylation or DNA methylation
7) is the first protein to bind to mRNA to being initiation of translation.
***eIF-2
8) What part of the ribosome is important in catalyzing peptide bonds?
***the rRNA
9) If every cell in the body gets the same DNA, how do the cells of an embryo make different
structures and take on different roles? (Select all that apply.)
***Different transcription factors are active in different cells / Different transcription factors
are encoded in the DNA / Genes are spliced differently in different cells / Translation is
regulated so that different cells may make more of certain proteins. 0.67/1.0 Points
10) Overexpression of miRNAs can lead to a decrease of protein expression associated
with some forms of cancer. What could a drug do to counter this effect?
***decrease expression of miRNA
Chapter 17
1) In order to focus on only the expressed portions of DNA, what type of sequencing can
be used?
***whole-exome sequencing
2) How can scientists tell how closely related two organisms are?
***the more genes they share, the more similar
3) A change in the level of an individual protein in a diseased cell is known as a
***biomarker
, 4) Three fish species are models for understanding different aspects of genes. Read the
descriptions and decide what sort of genetics each is used for.
A. Developmental genetics
B. Evolutionary genetics of skeletal
structures
C. Genome analysis
1. Takifugu rubripes – A poisonous marine pufferfish; has an unusually
C
small genome compared to other vertebrates but still carries all essential
genes.
A 2. Danio rerio – The zebrafish common to amateur aquaria. Many color morphs
are available, they breed readily, and embryos are transparent.
3. Three-spined stickleback – Stickleback species have variable structure of the
B
bony vertebrae and different numbers of spines on the back.
5) A species that is well studied so that we can learn more about the way we work is call a
.
***model organism
6) An individual may have a mutation that causes them to break down a drug much more
quickly than normal people. They were then provided with a higher dose, which was
effective in treating the disease. This is an example of .
***pharmacogenomics
7) Linkage analysis determines
***how close two genes are on the same chromosome by recombination
8) hotspots can decrease the accuracy of linkage maps.
***recombination
9) Isolating all of the RNA out of an organism, subjecting it to reverse transcriptase, and then
cloning all of the resulting DNA into plasmids is the process of creating
***cDNA libraries
10) Before cellular DNA can be subjected to gel electrophoresis, what needs to happen?
***released and
isolated CHAPTER 18
1) Reproductive barriers increasing over time would lead to .
***Reinforcement
2) The difference between dispersal and vicariance when considering allopatric speciation is
that dispersal has organisms leaving the homeland for a different one while vicariance
***is when a natural occurrence physically separates the population
3) In the process of adaptive radiation, there is usually one species from which others will
quickly diverge. This original species is known as the
***founder species
4) A superhighway is put down in a field separating a population of snails. Over time, they
acquire mutations and become two different species. This is an example of
speciation.
