WGU C785 Study Guide Questions & Answers Latest 2021/2022
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process to copy DNA
What is needed to complete PCR Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA
Polymerase, and DNA
Steps of PCR denaturation, annealing, elongation
denaturation loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other
factor
Annealing cooled to 50c primers stick and want to copy and add DNA
polymerase
Elongation reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase add nucleotides
building a new DNA strand.
base excision repair a modified base is first excised and then the entire
nucleotide is replaced
DNA glycosylase removes damaged DNA
DNA polymerase replaces to damaged DNA ligase seals it
base excision repair removes one single nucleotide
MIsmatch repair The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix
incorrectly paired nucleotides.
What DNA damage is corrected by mismatch repair errors in replication
fixed
What occurs when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA
transcription ! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and
matches the them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must
bind with RNA primer to work.
nonsense change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
silent mutation A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not
change the amino acid created.
Missense a mutation that changes one amino acid
What happens during RNA splicing after transcription, the introns are
removed and the exons are hooks back together
, DNA transcription the proccess of copying a section of dna in order to make
proteins
DNA translation Process by which mRNA is converted into a protein
non-template/coding strand its sequence matches the sequence of the RNA
that is transcribed from the template strand and codes for a polypeptide
complementary strand A strand of DNA or RNA that has complementary
bases to another strand of DNA or RNA. For instance, during DNA replication,
the new strand that is formed is a complementary strand. (Complementary
bases: A-T, C-G)
DNA template to mRNA is? transcription
ionized alanine It's an Amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a
hydrophobic amino acid that has CH3 it's a weak interaction.
For ionized look for the one with the + or - charge
Misfolding of protein structure in Alzheimer's Caused by intracellular
tangles and extracellular plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal
protein aggregation. Tau is fibrous material inside cells with this the
connections are lost. This becomes defective and form filaments in the
neuron. Amyloid- beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-
beta is clearly linked to Alzheimer's disease creating senile plaques. Starts in
the hippocampus and moves up.
Neurodegenerative protein aggregation Alzheimer's disease, the most
common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of aggregated amyloid-
beta fibers is another characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but
neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before amyloid fibers
accumulate in the brain.
molecular chaperones A protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from
a partially denatured state.
Primary level of protein structure chain of amino acids, peptide bonds
forming a polypeptide chain. Covalent bond, does not denature
Secondary level of protein structure alpha helix (coil) and beta-pleated
sheet, hydrogen bond, denatured by salt and Ph change, contain carboxyl
and amino groups
Tertiary level of protein structure side chain interaction, (R-group) - (3D),
ex. sickle cell, arthritis, hemophilia. Changes seen with increased temp, salt,
change in pH and reducing agents.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process to copy DNA
What is needed to complete PCR Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA
Polymerase, and DNA
Steps of PCR denaturation, annealing, elongation
denaturation loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other
factor
Annealing cooled to 50c primers stick and want to copy and add DNA
polymerase
Elongation reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase add nucleotides
building a new DNA strand.
base excision repair a modified base is first excised and then the entire
nucleotide is replaced
DNA glycosylase removes damaged DNA
DNA polymerase replaces to damaged DNA ligase seals it
base excision repair removes one single nucleotide
MIsmatch repair The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix
incorrectly paired nucleotides.
What DNA damage is corrected by mismatch repair errors in replication
fixed
What occurs when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA
transcription ! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and
matches the them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must
bind with RNA primer to work.
nonsense change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
silent mutation A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not
change the amino acid created.
Missense a mutation that changes one amino acid
What happens during RNA splicing after transcription, the introns are
removed and the exons are hooks back together
, DNA transcription the proccess of copying a section of dna in order to make
proteins
DNA translation Process by which mRNA is converted into a protein
non-template/coding strand its sequence matches the sequence of the RNA
that is transcribed from the template strand and codes for a polypeptide
complementary strand A strand of DNA or RNA that has complementary
bases to another strand of DNA or RNA. For instance, during DNA replication,
the new strand that is formed is a complementary strand. (Complementary
bases: A-T, C-G)
DNA template to mRNA is? transcription
ionized alanine It's an Amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a
hydrophobic amino acid that has CH3 it's a weak interaction.
For ionized look for the one with the + or - charge
Misfolding of protein structure in Alzheimer's Caused by intracellular
tangles and extracellular plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal
protein aggregation. Tau is fibrous material inside cells with this the
connections are lost. This becomes defective and form filaments in the
neuron. Amyloid- beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloid-
beta is clearly linked to Alzheimer's disease creating senile plaques. Starts in
the hippocampus and moves up.
Neurodegenerative protein aggregation Alzheimer's disease, the most
common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of aggregated amyloid-
beta fibers is another characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but
neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before amyloid fibers
accumulate in the brain.
molecular chaperones A protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from
a partially denatured state.
Primary level of protein structure chain of amino acids, peptide bonds
forming a polypeptide chain. Covalent bond, does not denature
Secondary level of protein structure alpha helix (coil) and beta-pleated
sheet, hydrogen bond, denatured by salt and Ph change, contain carboxyl
and amino groups
Tertiary level of protein structure side chain interaction, (R-group) - (3D),
ex. sickle cell, arthritis, hemophilia. Changes seen with increased temp, salt,
change in pH and reducing agents.
