HIST 458 Quiz Sheet Questions & Answers

HIST 458 Quiz Sheet Questions & Answers ***Exams are at the bottom… They are relatively easy and the question are most likely from the quizzes but if you have problems the question and answers are at the bottom ● Quiz 1 ○ Which colony had a system of manorial estates that limited possibilities for yeomen and former indentured servants to obtain productive farmland? ■ New York ○ In which society did women supposedly have decision-making authority to declare war? ■ Iroquois ○ Which of the following was NOT a feature of early New England society? ■ Gender equality within the church ○ Which factor was NOT a major trend in sixteenth- and seventeenth- century England? ■ The abolition of gender inequalities ○ Which selection best describes the views of the Protestant Reformation toward work, especially the ideas articulated by Protestant theologians Martin Luther and John Calvin? ■ Work was a calling by God and a service to God ○ Native American societies had cooperative or communal economies. Many of these societies encountered European and European American fur trappers and traders who came from Western societies that were transforming into mercantilist and capitalist economies. With their vast knowledge and experience, Native American fur trappers proved crucial intermediaries between Native American and Western economic ways of life. Nonetheless, the higher levels of economic production of Western economies undermined different aspects of social relations within Native American economies. Which group within certain Native American societies felt the greatest change in their status? ■ Native American women whose overall status decreased because their economic contributions lost equal footing with men’s economic contributions that the fur trade enhanced ○ Which of the following was NOT a geographical variant of slavery in colonial America? ■ Many more black slaves than free whites lived in the less agriculturally productive backcountry ○ Which factor was a significant reason that made women in many preindustrial societies worldwide specialized in work in and around the house or homestead or village? ■ Infant Care ○ Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of slave life in colonial America? ■ Slaves held on large plantations had more day-to-day autonomy from whites than those held on small farms or in towns ○ Which of the following was NOT an integral part of William Penn’s vision for his Quaker colony? ■ A live-and-let-live approach to private behavior ○ Some scholars have argued that women lost social status during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution in the Western World. Which selection best describes the reason for the loss of women’s social status? ■ The Industrial Revolution practically stripped all forms of economic production from the household ○ Which group of workers had their rhythms of work measured by traditions rooted in pre-modern and preindustrial practices in English-speaking colonial North America? ■ Wage-earning agricultural laborers ○ Which reason was NOT a driving force behind European colonization in the New World? ■ A fascination with Native American culture ■ The quest for material wealth ■ An interest in the religious uplift or conversion of indigenous people ○ Which of the following was NOT an element of British mercantilism? ■ Government should play no part in regulating the flow of commerce ■ England brought in considerable revenue by imposing duties on colonial trade ■ The colonies performed the primary role of supplying raw materials to and buying manufactured goods from the mother country ○ Which one of the following was NOT an element of the collective bargaining “accord” between large unions and major employers in the postwar era? ■ Union workers would refrain from “wildcat strikes” and other forms of unofficial, shop-floor militancy ○ A key goal of early English colonists in North America was ■ Attainment of land and, thus, of personal independence ○ Which concept was present in North American Native American societies in 1700? ■ Communal land ownership ○ What was Gottlieb Mittelberger’s Warning in the primary source document, “Packed Densely, Like Herrings” ■ The warning was about the disease, death, and horrors that german indentured servants encountered during sea voyages from Europe to the english north american countries ○ Which occupational status allowed people to gain their freedom and become independent persons? ■ Indentured servants ○ Which of the following was NOT a distinctive quality of the Great Awakening? ■ A conclusion that one’s prospects for spiritual salvation were set at birth, and nothing one did on this Earth would make any difference ○ Which selection best describes mainstream attitudes toward work in the Western world after 1700? ■ Work has intrinsic value for its own sake ○ Which attitude toward work did Protestant theologian Martin Luther promote? ■ A person's vocation, including manual labor, was his calling, but all callings were of equal spiritual dignity ○ Which occupation was common in colonial America? ■ Tanners ○ Which of the following was NOT a noteworthy aspect of indentured servitude in seventeenth-century Virginia? ■ For most of the century, indentured servants greatly outnumbered slaves ○ Historian Brian Balogh in Government out of Sight quotes from historian Stephen Innes, Creating the Commonwealth, the story of the Leonard family of Essex County, Massachusetts, to illustrate the dilemma New England Puritans faced: maintaining a devout workforce or pursuing economic development. “The Leonards were highly skilled ironworkers. They were equally renowned for making trouble. Charges levied against the Leonards included armed robbery, rape, lewdness, and chronic drunkenness. Keeping pace with the men, female Leonards were charged with indecent exposure, singing bawdy songs, and contempt of authority. Despite flaunting the religious and legal conventions of their neighbors, the Leonards were not ‘harried out of the land.’ Their skills were too valuable. Indeed, they flourished, emerging as one of the colony’s leading families.” Which group did the Leonards belong, suggesting that some people in this group embodied the trend of skilled working people with the means to thumb their noses at unrepresentative authority figures and to seek liberty from these authorities? ■ Agricultural landlords ○ Which attitude toward work did Protestant theologian John Calvin promote? ■ A person was judged by his or her daily life and deeds, and success in his or her worldly endeavors was a sign of possible inclusion as one of the Elect ○ Which selection best describes some early twenty-first century Americans’ views toward able-bodied persons on public welfare that is similar to the thought that seventeenth century English and English Americans held toward the unemployed? ■ Able-bodied persons without jobs are lazy and unproductive ○ Which of the following was NOT a factor behind the rise of black slavery in the American colonies? ■ A fear that West Africans, if left alone, might someday surpass Europeans in economic and technological achievement ● Quiz 2 ○ Which of the following was NOT a significant trend in revolutionary America? ■ The poor supported independence; the rich opposed it ○ What did the advocates of republicanism find disturbing in the first three or four decades after the War for Independence? ■ Wage labor ○ ○ Which group was fully excluded from participating in electoral politics before 1815? ■ Native Americans ○ Which one of the following was NOT a significant point of debate concerning the rightful character of American government in the aftermath of independence? ■ Should government officials obtain office via elections or royal appointment? ○ Enslaved African Americans did all but one of the following actions during the American Revolution. What did they NOT do? ■ Some, in hopes of gaining their freedom, organized their own armed units for the Revolution ○ What did the advocates of republicanism find disturbing in the first three or four decades after the War for Independence? ■ Wage labor ○ Which selection best explains the “relative” ease of journeymen and apprentices engaging in demonstrations before 1815? ■ They were not governed by the clock and the hourly wage system ○ Which notion was NOT foremost on the minds of major revolutionary leaders? ■ Abolition of enslaved labor ○ Which of the following was NOT true of the Stamp Act crisis of 1765? ■ Colonists of the laboring classes showed little interest in the Stamp Act controversy ○ Which historical development occurred in the “background” during the middle of the eighteenth century () as the imperial British government pursued policies that later made its North American colonies producers of raw materials and consumers of English manufactured goods? ■ The industrial revolution ○ Which of the following reasons best explain why advocates of republicanism find wage labor disturbing in the first three or four decades after the War for Independence? ■ Wageworkers were economically dependent on their employers who in turn often influenced their political views ○ NOT among the forms of pre-revolutionary (i.e., 1763–1774) protest over British rule was ■ Armed skirmishes and battles against British soldiers and sailors ○ Which workers had their rhythms of work measured by the clock or labor discipline in English-speaking colonial North America? ■ Slaves ○ Which one of the following was NOT a characteristic of the world of artisans? ■ Production of goods for the world market ○ Which of the following was NOT a point of social conflict within the colonies prior to the American Revolutionary War? ■ Relations between factory owners and industrial workers ○ What was the general state of the economy in the thirteen colonies for several years after the French and Indian War? ■ Economic hardship for those colonists who belonged to the lower and middling orders ○ In 1806, a group of Philadelphia cordwainers (a.k.a. shoemakers) who were journeymen under the leadership of Peter Polin and Undriel Backes, organized and struck for higher wages. Their employer had them arrested for conspiracy. The court found the strikers guilty of conspiracy and said wageworkers have no right to organize a trade association for the purposes of what is now called collective bargaining. Beaten but unbowed, the cordwainers organized a cooperative boot and shoe factory instead of returning to work for their former employer. What value did the judge in the Philadelphia Cordwainers Conspiracy case uphold? ■ Economic liberty for employers to engage with his or her employees individually rather than collectively over wages, hours, and working conditions ○ What was one course of action by the unemployed and other members of the lower orders during economic downturns in mid-eighteenth century colonial America? ■ They often ransacked warehouses for food ○ Which one of the following was NOT a characteristic of the world of artisans? ■ Production of goods for the world market ○ Which one of the following does NOT help explain the rousing impact and influence of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense? ■ A claim that one day America, not Great Britain, would have the world’s largest empire ○ Which one of the following was NOT a significant feature of colonial resistance from 1763–1774? ■ The gulf between elite and ordinary protesters steadily widened; by 1775, fewer issues than ever held them together ○ One of the many problems that American revolutionaries had in fighting the British was that ■ Most revolutionaries were laboring people, not full-time professional soldiers ○ Which occupational groups benefited from the French and Indian War ()? ■ Merchants, farmers, and gunsmiths ○ In 1806, a group of Philadelphia cordwainers (a.k.a. shoemakers) who were journeymen under the leadership of Peter Polin and Undriel Backes, organized and struck for higher wages. Their employer had them arrested for conspiracy. The court found the strikers guilty of conspiracy and said wageworkers have no right to organize a trade association for the purposes of what is now called collective bargaining. Beaten but unbowed, the cordwainers organized a workers’ cooperative boot and shoe factory instead of returning to work for their former employer. What was the significance or value of the cordwainers establishing a workers’ cooperative? ○ Which one of the following contributions did women revolutionaries NOT make to the war effort? ○ Which of the following was NOT a significant trend in revolutionary America? ○ You might have to consult an encyclopedia or surf the Internet to answer the following question. Which individual’s policies did many wageworkers in the nascent industrial occupations find appealing in the first two or three decades after the constitutional founding of the United States in 1789? ○ Alexander Hamilton who advocated government policies for high tariffs (taxes) on imported manufactured goods ● Quiz 3 ○ In which occupations did free African American men frequently found employment in the northeastern United States? ■ Barbers, day laborers, sailors, and teamsters ○ Which one of the following was NOT a mounting source of concern with regard to the social impact of the Industrial Revolution? ■ The expanding influence of the labor movement over national government ○ What features of the Industrial Revolution did NOT bother many antebellum Americans? ■ Many hated the fact that a number of skilled workers lost their status as artisans and became entrepreneurial employers ○ Which selection or set of selections exemplifies labor republicanism? ■ A virtuous citizen is one who is productive, actually producing goods and wealth through the sweat of his (or her) own labor, or for a citizen to be virtuous he (or she) must own income- or wealth-producing property like a farm or a workshop ■ A virtuous citizen is one who is productive, actually producing goods and wealth through the sweat of his (or her) own labor and all people who worked, producing goods and wealth, were practitioners of labor republicanism whether they knew it or not ■ All people who worked, producing goods and wealth, were practitioners of labor republicanism whether they knew it or not, and they were virtuous because they owned income- or wealth- producing property like a farm or a workshop ■ All virtuous citizens are productive workers because they followed the notion that work is a calling that pleased God, and such persons shunned profits for the sake of making profit ○ Why did some antebellum reformers oppose public (and even private) consumption of alcoholic beverages? ■ Consistently inebriated people were dangerous when riding their horses or mules or operating farm equipment, and they often neglected their families ■ Consistently inebriated people were dangerous when riding their horses or mules or operating farm equipment, and they tended to throw their money away buying expensive alcoholic beverages ■ Consistently inebriated people did not make good, reliable, stable workers, and they often neglected their families ■ Consistently inebriated people often neglected their families, and they were dangerous when riding their horses or mules or operating farm equipment ○ Which of the following does NOT apply to the common white folk of the antebellum South? ■ Even poor whites showed substantial support for the system of slavery ■ Many looked to the western frontier as the path to material security ■ Like slaves, they were denied any voice in public debate ■ They expressed widespread resentment of the wealth and power of the large planters ○ Which one of the following was NOT a significant pattern within the slave- labor system? ■ While slaves had to perform long hours of labor every day for the master, their own domestic upkeep (cooking, cleaning, etc.) was provided for by the master ■ The conditions of slave labor varied greatly by crop, by season, and by scale of production ■ Slaves on rice plantations generally experienced harsher work conditions, but greater autonomy, than did those on cotton plantations ■ On large plantations, house slaves were widely regarded as more fortunate than field hands—although their proximity to whites posed difficulties of its own ○ Which feature did antebellum factory workers share with antebellum artisans in the northeastern United States? ■ Both groups performed a narrow range of unskilled and semi-skilled jobs ■ Both groups were permanent wage earners ■ Both groups worked according to the rhythms of the clock and the machine ■ Both groups believed that their labor made them productive, virtuous citizens ○ Which reason or set of reasons advocates of the notion of true womanhood used to convince married white women to stay home? ■ If women stayed home and cared for their families, then their men would have increased opportunities for more jobs and more money ■ If women stayed home, then they would have an incentive to build home businesses that would provide another source of income for their families ■ Since women were primary childcare providers, the nation needed them to stay home and socialize children as the next generation of good citizens ■ Since women received low wages, their income was not necessary for family maintenance ○ Which one of the following was NOT a contributing factor behind the take- off of the southern plantation economy during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? ■ Rapidly rising demand for spices, tea, and coffee in the urban centers of Europe and the North ■ Rapidly rising demand for cotton from the textile industries of Europe and New England ■ The shift of tobacco production to newer, more fertile lands ■ The invention of the cotton gin ○ Which of the following was NOT a significant theme of the “Free Soil” opposition to slavery expansion? ■ The West offers millions of working people the prospects for an economic independence that was becoming harder to find back East. Slavery must not be allowed to undermine that promise ■ The American republic cannot long survive the coexistence of slavery and free labor from coast to coast ■ White settlers on the western frontier do not want to have to associate or compete with African Americans ■ The western lands should remain “free” of development by any Americans—northern or southern, slave or free ○ What happened to the employer-employee relationship during the Industrial Revolution in antebellum America? ■ Increasing numbers of employees began to believe that they, not their employers, created economic wealth ■ Increasing numbers of employers allowed their employees to organize associations or trade unions ■ Increasing numbers of employees saw their employers as friends or fatherly figures ■ Increasing number of employers allowed their workers to labor whenever they pleased ○ Which reason is pivotal in explaining why American slavery was inherently an unstable system? ■ Slavery ultimately rested upon the proper management of enslaved laborers ■ Slavery ultimately rested upon physical coercion ■ Slavery ultimately rested upon psychological coercion ■ Slavery ultimately rested on controlling slaves by breaking up their families ○ Which of the following was NOT a feature of the newly formed Republican Party of the mid-1850s? ■ The Republican Party contained a powerful streak of “Nativism”— the suspicion that recent immigrants, particularly Catholics, posed a serious threat to the virtue and stability of the American republic ■ The Republican Party was opposed to westward expansion from any section of the United States, as an infringement on the sovereignty Native Americans ■ The Republicans found broad support among the small farmers, shopkeepers, and skilled laborers of the North and West ■ The party called for limits on slavery’s expansion to the west, but not for the abolition of slavery outright ○ Which factor fails to explain why more enslaved African Americans than free African Americans worked in factories and other industrial worksites? ■ Industrial employers did not want slaves whom they regarded as inefficient workers ■ Industrial employers did not have to worry about the consequences of laying-off slaves ■ White employees generally thought free black people reminded them of the precarious nature of free wage labor ■ Slaveholders counted on a steady source of income when they placed their slaves on industrial worksites ○ Which group did the average antebellum white American generally regard as close to the ideal of virtuous citizens? ■ Slaveholders ■ Bankers ■ Factory managers ■ Land speculators ○ Which factor was NOT a reason underlying the difficulties that free African Americans faced in obtaining factory employment in the northern states? ■ Free African Americans were legally not American citizens ■ Employers preferred to hire European immigrants ■ Free African Americans generally shunned factory employment ■ European immigrants organized trade associations and unions to obtain jobs for their newly arriving compatriots ○ Which of the following was NOT a significant feature of life in the West during the Gold Rush years? ■ White workers often banded together to expel non-whites from the mining areas ■ In the rough-and-tumble world of the frontier, the rights of American women were substantially expanded ■ Conditions of life for women tended to be particularly onerous ■ Large-scale mining companies quickly displaced individual prospectors ○ Which historian is best known for arguing that slavery in the United States was pre-capitalistic? ■ Elkins ■ Engerman ■ Genovese ■ Blassingame ○ Which occupation did a significant number of Catholic Irish immigrant women find employment in the late 1840s and 1850s? ■ Domestic servants ■ Factory operatives ■ Professionals in teaching, midwifery, and nursing ■ Common day laborers in factories and on farms ○ Which group did NOT eagerly embrace the wage system under the new economic system capitalism in antebellum United States? ■ Artisans, journeymen, and apprentices ■ European immigrants ■ Free black men and women ■ Single and married white women ○ Which of the following was NOT a central theme of labor republicanism during the first half of the nineteenth century? ■ The growing imbalance of economic and political power is subverting the promise of American democracy ■ The right to organize is vital to the liberty of working people ■ Above all else, the health of the American republic depends upon the autonomy and vitality of the competitive market ■ Self-employment—whether as an artisan or as a landowning farmer —is essential to one’s status as an independent citizen ○ Which group constituted the largest percentage of workers among the first generation (1820s-1840s) of wage-earning industrial laborers and operatives in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts? ■ Single men ■ Married women ■ Married men ■ Single women ○ Which one of the following was not a significant difference between the artisan system of labor and the emergent factory system of labor? ■ The labor of craft workers was traditionally organized by the task; the labor of factory workers was organized by the clock ■ Craft workers customarily mastered a broader range of skills than factory workers did ■ Craft workers labored in smaller-scale settings than did factory workers ■ Factory workers generally labored under closer supervision than apprentices in the shop ○ Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the reform movements of the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s? ■ A series of “utopian” communities arose, seeking to challenge inequalities of class and gender in American society ■ Employers generally supported temperance (maintaining sobriety) for their employees ■ Crusaders for women’s rights seldom supported abolitionism; crusaders for abolitionism seldom supported women’s rights ○ Broadening access to land was a major goal of labor reformers ○ Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the revived labor movement of the late 1840s and 1850s? ■ Most northern unionists expressed spirited solidarity with the slaves to the south ■ Low pay, harsh working conditions, and diminishing opportunities for upward mobility were among the leading issues raised by organized labor ■ For the first time, unionists in various trades were beginning to build nationwide organizations ■ Unions were increasingly open to organizing across ethnic lines, but far less receptive to organizing across racial lines ○ Which feature did most Catholic Irish immigrants share with most German immigrants in the late 1840s and 1850s? ■ The vast majority in both groups comprised of peasants ■ The vast majority in both groups were too poor to buy farmland ■ The vast majority in both groups had familiarity with life in an industrial economy ■ The vast majority in both groups escaped oppressive conditions in their homelands ○ Which one of the following was not a significant difference between the artisan system of labor and the emergent factory system of labor? ■ The labor of craft workers was traditionally organized by the task; the labor of factory workers was organized by the clock ■ Craft workers customarily mastered a broader range of skills than factory workers did ■ Factory workers generally labored under closer supervision than apprentices in the shop ■ Craft workers labored in smaller-scale settings than did factory workers ○ Which one of the following was NOT a feature of the expanding plantation society of the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century South? ■ Although enmeshed in the world market economy, southern planters liked to think of themselves as old-style, feudal aristocrats ■ The future of the slavery system—the subject of widespread doubts during the 1780s—was reaffirmed ■ During this period, prospects for the abolition of slavery gradually faded ■ The circumstances of American Indians were remarkably unaffected by the spread of the plantation economy ○ Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the revived labor movement of the late 1840s and 1850s? ■ For the first time, unionists in various trades were beginning to build nationwide organizations ■ Most northern unionists expressed spirited solidarity with the slaves to the south ■ Low pay, harsh working conditions, and diminishing opportunities for upward mobility were among the leading issues raised by organized labor ■ Unions were increasingly open to organizing across ethnic lines, but far less receptive to organizing across racial lines ○ How did many white American workers regard Chinese immigrant workers who worked for very low wages and lived under conditions that average Americans deemed unsuitable to the ideals of republicanism? ■ As hard-working, law-abiding individuals ■ As sojourners not wanting to become citizens but to return home with money they earned in America ■ As workers most keen on forming labor unions ■ As people innately inferior to European Americans ○ Which group or groups became engaged principally in wage labor in the antebellum South? ■ Apprentices ■ Slaves ■ Sharecroppers ■ Yeomen ○ What were the panics of 1819 and 1837? ■ They were moments when investors thought they would miss obtaining government bonds to finance various projects ■ They were economic depressions when many people lost their savings and jobs ■ They were reform movements opposing consumption of alcoholic beverages ■ They were sharp political crises over the issue of free labor versus slave labor ○ Which one of the following was NOT a motivating factor behind the southern impulse to expand slavery westward? ■ Some plantation slaveholders were constantly in search for good, fertile farmland for their cash crops ■ A desire to preserve the political balance of power between North and South ■ Regional pride ■ The desire to bring slaves out to a distant territory, where they could be gradually prepared for the transition to freedom ○ ○ ○ ○ ● Quiz 4 ○ The enslaved labor force allowed the Confederate States of America to militarily do what? ■ To proportionally field more able-bodied white men into the military than what the United States of America could do ○ Regarding slavery, what was the trigger reason for the secession of some of the slave-labor states in 1860 which increased the possibility of what became the American Civil War in 1861? ■ The resolution of the debates about stopping the continued territorial expansion of slavery became a distinct possibility with the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Office of the President of the United States ● In 1866 and 1867, which group of white southerners dominated the leadership of the Ku Klux Klan? ■ Ex-Confederate plantation owners ○ The immediate postbellum South lacked significant cash and credit, making sharecropping and payments of rents with crops a substitute for what? ■ The free wage labor system ○ Which one of the following was NOT a significant part of the wartime experience of northern workers? ■ Growth in labor unionism ○ Which one of the following was NOT a source of mounting disaffection among white southerners on the Confederate home front? ■ The recruitment of slaves to serve as confederate army officers ○ What occurred in the few decades immediately after the majority decision of the United States Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett that the right to vote was not one of the privileges or immunities of citizenship? ■ Since women could vote only in local and state elections but not in national elections, the women’s suffrage movement worked harder than ever to obtain women’s right to vote based on racial qualifications ■ Since women could vote only in local and state elections but not in national elections, the number of women workers interested in politics declined quite considerably ■ Women workers, without the right to vote, could not vote for pro-labor politicians who would represent their interests in all levels of government