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Assessment in Special Education A PRACTICAL APPROACH 5th ed Roger Pierangelo George A. Guiliani

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Part I Foundational Concepts in Assessment in Special Education 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Assessment 3 Chapter 2 Methods of Assessment and Testing Considerations 17 Chapter 3 Basic Statistical Concepts 31 Chapter 4 Scoring Terminology Used in Assessment 41 Part II The Special Education Process 51 Chapter 5 Response to Intervention 53 Chapter 6 The Child Study Team and Pre-referral Strategies 67 Chapter 7 The Multidisciplinary Team and Parental Participation in the Assessment Process 79 Chapter 8 Parental Consent and Evaluation Standards Under IDEIA 95 Chapter 9 Assessment of Academic Achievement 107 Chapter 10 Assessment of Intelligence 135 Chapter 11 Assessment of Behavior 147 Chapter 12 Assessment of Perceptual Abilities 165 Chapter 13 Assessment of Speech and Language 179 Chapter 14 Early Intervention and Preschool Assessment 191 Chapter 15 Other Areas of Assessment 207 Chapter 16 Determining Whether a Disability Exists: Eligibility Criteria 221 Chapter 17 Writing a Comprehensive Report in Special Education 241 Chapter 18 Eligibility Procedures for Special Education Services 261 Chapter 19 Development of the IEP 277 Appendix A: Questions and Answers About Independent Educational Evaluations 299 Appendix B: Questions and Answers About Mediation and Due Process Hearings 301 Glossary 309 References 326 Name Index 331 Subject Index 333 Test Name Index 337 ix Part I Foundational Concepts in Assessment in Special Education 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Assessment 3 Overview of Assessment 4 Purpose of Assessment 5 Federal Legislation and Landmark Court Cases in Special Education 6 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) 9 Overview of the Assessment Process 12 Conclusion 14 Chapter 2 Methods of Assessment and Testing Considerations 17 Assessment and Testing Considerations 18 Formal Assessments 18 Informal Assessment 22 Testing Considerations 28 Conclusion 30 Chapter 3 Basic Statistical Concepts 31 Scales of Measurement 32 Measures of Central Tendency 33 Frequency Distribution 34 Range 35 Standard Deviation 35 Normal Curve 36 Conclusion 39 Chapter 4 Scoring Terminology Used in Assessment 41 Calculation of Age 41 Raw Scores 44 Percentile Ranks (Percentiles) 44 Standard Scores 45 x Contents xi Scaled Scores 46 Z Scores 47 T Scores 47 Stanines 47 Comparing Z Scores, T Scores, and Stanines 47 Age Equivalent Scores 48 Grade Equivalent Scores 48 Conclusion 48 Part II The Special Education Process 51 Chapter 5 Response to Intervention 53 Overview of Response to Intervention 54 Purpose of RTI 54 Importance of RTI 55 RTI and the Assessment Process 58 The Role RTI Should Play in Identifying Children with Specific Learning Disabilities 60 Multitiered Service Delivery Model 62 Fidelity 65 Conclusion 66 Chapter 6 The Child Study Team and Pre-referral Strategies 67 The Child Study Team 67 Recommendations by the Child Study Team—Pre-referral Strategies 73 Conclusion 77 Chapter 7 The Multidisciplinary Team and Parental Participation in the Assessment Process 79 Purpose of the Multidisciplinary Team 79 Membership of the Multidisciplinary Team 81 Formal Referral for a Suspected Disability 82 Assessment Plans—Consent for Evaluation 85 Assessment Options of the Multidisciplinary Team 86 Parental Participation in the Assessment Process 89 Confidentiality 92 Conclusion 92 xii Contents Chapter 8 Parental Consent and Evaluation Standards Under IDEIA 95 Parental Consent 95 Timeframe for Initial Evaluations 96 The Six Evaluation Standards Under IDEIA 97 Validity 98 Reliability 101 Conclusion 105 Chapter 9 Assessment of Academic Achievement 107 Achievement Tests 108 Reading 108 Reading Assessment Measures 111 Tests of Written Language 120 Math 122 Assessment of Mathematical Abilities 124 Comprehensive Tests of Academic Achievement 126 Conclusion 133 Chapter 10 Assessment of Intelligence 135 Intelligence 135 Measures of Intellectual Ability 138 Other Measures of Intelligence 142 Conclusion 146 Chapter 11 Assessment of Behavior 147 Assessing Problem Behavior 147 Understanding a Student’s Behavior During Assessment 149 Assessing Emotional and Social Development 151 Assessment of Adaptive Behavior 156 Functional Behavioral Assessment and Behavioral Intervention Plans 158 Conclusion 163 Chapter 12 Assessment of Perceptual Abilities 165 The Learning Process 165 The Purpose of Perceptual Evaluations 166 Visual Perception 167 Auditory Perception 170 Comprehensive Measures of Perceptual Abilities 174 Conclusion 178 Contents xiii Chapter 13 Assessment of Speech and Language 179 Speech and Language 179 Types of Speech and Language Disorders 182 Assessment Measures of Speech and Language 187 Conclusion 190 Chapter 14 Early Intervention and Preschool Assessment 191 Early Intervention 191 Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSP) 193 Preschool Assessment 197 Working with Families in Early Intervention and Early Childhood Assessment 199 Early Intervention and Early Childhood Assessment Measures 200 Conclusion 205 Chapter 15 Other Areas of Assessment 207 Assessment of Hearing 207 Assessment Measures of Hearing 209 Physical and OccupationalTherapy Assessment 212 Cultural Competency 216 Conclusion 219 Chapter 16 Determining Whether a Disability Exists: Eligibility Criteria 221 Diagnosing a Disability 221 Overview of Special Education Eligibility 223 Eligibility Criteria for Autism 224 Eligibility Criteria for Deaf-Blindness 225 Eligibility Criteria for Developmental Delay 225 Eligibility Criteria for Emotional Disturbance 226 Eligibility Criteria for Hearing Impairment 228 Eligibility Criteria for Intellectual Disability 229 Eligibility Criteria for Learning Disability (Specific Learning Disability) 230 Eligibility Criteria for Multiple Disabilities 232 Eligibility Criteria for Orthopedic Impairment 233 Eligibility Criteria for Other Health Impairment 234 Eligibility Criteria for Speech and Language Impairment 235 Eligibility Criteria forTraumatic Brain Injury (TBI) 237 Eligibility Criteria for Visual Impairment 238 Conclusion 239 xiv Contents Chapter 17 Writing a Comprehensive Report in Special Education 241 Report Writing 241 Practical Guidelines for Report Writing 242 Criteria for Writing a Comprehensive Report 243 Writing Test Results 247 Model Report 250 Conclusion 259 Chapter 18 Eligibility Procedures for Special Education Services 261 The Eligibility Committee 262 IDEIA and Eligibility Committee Meetings 263 Developing the Information Packet for the Eligibility Committee 264 Presentation to the EC by the Special Education Teacher as Educational Evaluator 267 Classification Recommendations of the EC 268 LRE Placement Considerations According to IDEIA 268 Developing the IEP 272 Presentation to the EC: The Special Education Teacher as Classroom Teacher 272 The Annual Review 273 TheTriennial Review 274 Declassifying a Child in Special Education 274 Conclusion 275 Chapter 19 Development of the IEP 277 IEP Development 277 The Only Students allowed to have Modifications 292 Conclusion 298 Appendix A: Questions and Answers about Independent Educational Evaluations 299 Appendix B: Questions and Answers about Mediation and Due Process Hearings 301 Glossary 309 References 326 Name Index 331 Subject Index 333 Test Name Index 337 PA RT Foundational Concepts in Assessment in Special Education elcome to the world of assessment in special education. We hope that you en- joy this book and find it very practical and user friendly. This book is divided into two parts. Part I (Chapters 1 through 4) presents an overview of the most im- portant concepts, laws, statistics, and terms you need to know to understand the as- sessment process. Part II (Chapters 5 through 19) then takes you step by step through the assessment process as it happens every day in schools. Chapter 1 presents you with an overview of key terms and definitions used in as- sessment in special education. We begin by discussing what defines assessment and its purposes. Then, a historical overview of federal legislation and landmark court cases in special education are presented. Following these laws and cases, we then discuss current federal legislation (Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) and how it influences children, parents, and special educators involved in the assessment process. The chapter then continues with addressing the various classifications of chil- dren with disabilities and their prevalence rates. Finally, you will learn the basic steps involved in the assessment process that will be discussed in further detail in later chapters. Chapter 2 focuses on various methods of assessment used in special education. This chapter presents an overview of both formal (norm-referenced tests) and informal assessment (criterion referenced tests, portfolios, curriculum-based assessment, dynamic assessment, and many others). Following a discussion of these meth- ods, you will learn about the decision-making process involved in selecting the appropriate instrument for evaluating students. Chapter 3 is an overview of the most basic statistical concepts you need to survive the special education process. To fully understand assessment, you must first become familiar with statistics. Statistics are very important in special education and we will guide you down a very methodical and comfortable road to teach you these concepts. Finally, in Chapter 4 we present basic scoring terminology used every day in assess- ment. These terms are very important in scoring and analyzing the results of the various measures you will use in the assessment process. After reading the first four chapters, you will be ready for Part II of this text, which will lead you through a practical, step-by-step process involved in assessing children with special needs.

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A PRACTICAL APPROACH




Assessment in Special
Education
A PRACTICAL APPROACH




Roger Pierangelo
George A. Guiliani


1

, A PRACTICAL APPROACH

About the Authors




DR. ROGER PIERANGELO
Dr. Roger Pierangelo is a Professor in the Department of Special Education and
Literacy at Long Island University. He has been an administrator of special
education programs, served for 18 years as a permanent member of
Committees on Special Education, has over 30 years of experience in the public
school system as a general education classroom teacher and school
psychologist, and serves as a consultant to numerous private and public schools,
as well as PTA and Special Education PTA groups.
Dr. Pierangelo has also been an evaluator for the New York State Office of
Vocational and Rehabilitative Services and a director of a private clinic. He is a
New York State– licensed clinical psychologist, a certified school psychologist,
and a board-certified diplomate fellow in student and adolescent psychology and
forensic psychology.
Dr. Pierangelo is the executive director of the National Association of Special
Edu- cation Teachers (NASET) and an executive director of the American
Academy of Special Education Professionals (AASEP).
Dr. Pierangelo earned his BS from St. John’s University, MS from Queens
College, professional diploma from Queens College, PhD from Yeshiva
University, and diplomate fellow in student and adolescent psychology and


2

, A PRACTICAL APPROACH
forensic psychology from the Interna- tional College of Professional Psychology.
Dr. Pierangelo is a member of the American Psychological Association, New
York State Psychological Association, Nassau County Psychological Association,
New York State Union of Teachers, and Phi Delta Kappa. Dr. Pierangelo is the
author of multiple books in the field of special education, including two
coauthored with Dr. Giuliani from Pearson Education titled Transition Services in
Special Education: A Practical Approach and Learning Disabilities: A Practical
Approach to Foundations, Assessment, Diagnosis, and Teaching.




DR. GEORGE GIULIANI
Dr. George Giuliani is a full-time Associate Professor at Hofstra University’s
School of Education and Special Education programs. He is also an adjunct
professor at Hofstra University’s School of Law where he teaches special
education law.
Dr. Giuliani earned his BA from the College of the Holy Cross, MS from St.
John’s University, JD from City University of New York School of Law, and MA
and PsyD from Rutgers University. He earned board certification as a diplomate
fellow in advanced child and adolescent psychology, board certification as a
diplomate fellow in forensic sciences from the International College of
Professional Psychology, and board certification in spe- cial education from the
American Academy of Special Education Professionals.
Dr. Giuliani is a member of the American Psychological Association,
Education Law Association, New York State Psychological Association, American
Bar Association, Suf- folk County Psychological Association, Psi Chi, American
Association of University Pro- fessors, and the Council for Exceptional Children.




iv




3

, A PRACTICAL APPROACH

About the Authors v



Dr. Giuliani is the executive director of The National Association of Special
Educa- tion Teachers and executive director of the American Academy of Special
Education Pro- fessionals. He has been a consultant for school districts and
early childhood agencies, and has provided numerous workshops for parents,
teachers, and other professionals on a variety of special education and
psychological topics.
Dr. Giuliani is the author of multiple books in the field of special education,
includ- ing two coauthored with Dr. Pierangelo from Pearson Education titled
Transition Services in Special Education: A Practical Approach and Learning
Disabilities: A Practical Ap- proach to Foundations, Assessment, Diagnosis, and
Teaching.




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