Portage Learning NURSING BS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
2021/22
Exam 2:
1. Blood tests for tumor markers are the single best screening tool for cancer. Why or why
not?
1. False, they are elevated in benign conditions, most are not elevated in the early
stages of malignancy.
b. What is the most important procedure in diagnosing the correct cancer and histology?
1. Tissue Biopsy
b. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer
diagnosis:
1. Bleeding; sore that doesn’t heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal
spaces; chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or
swelling. Other possible answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be
specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss
2. What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients?
Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and
anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances
b. Explain the TNM system:
1. T is the size and local spread of the primary
tumor.
2. N is the involvement of the regional lymph
nodes.
3. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
b. 1. What are the three possible goals of cancer treatment?
1. Curative, control, palliative
2.How does radiation kill cancer cells?
2021/22
Exam 2:
1. Blood tests for tumor markers are the single best screening tool for cancer. Why or why
not?
1. False, they are elevated in benign conditions, most are not elevated in the early
stages of malignancy.
b. What is the most important procedure in diagnosing the correct cancer and histology?
1. Tissue Biopsy
b. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer
diagnosis:
1. Bleeding; sore that doesn’t heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal
spaces; chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or
swelling. Other possible answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be
specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss
2. What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients?
Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and
anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances
b. Explain the TNM system:
1. T is the size and local spread of the primary
tumor.
2. N is the involvement of the regional lymph
nodes.
3. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
b. 1. What are the three possible goals of cancer treatment?
1. Curative, control, palliative
2.How does radiation kill cancer cells?
