NEURO EXAM 3 CONTENT NEW 2022 EXAM STUDYAHEAD
COMPLETE SOLUTION
acquisition of new info
- a specific change or modification of behavior involving the CNS as a result of
experience with an external even or series of events in an individual's life
- associative or non associative - learning
(associative/non-associative) learning involves a connection between two elements or
events
- associated with specific objects or elements
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
- operant conditioning - associative
(associative/non-associative) learning involves change in the magnitude of response to
environmental events
- habituation (getting used to your environment; lose sensitivity / downplay that sensory
info)
- sensitization - non-associative
when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an organism's responsiveness to the
stimulus
- e.g. tune out noise outside of a classroom
- form of non-associative learning
- getting used to something over time; not reacting to the stimulus as much
(desensitization) - habituation
,the response to repeatedly exposed stimulus increases over time
- e.g. people are more jumpy following a car accident or natural disaster
- form of non-associative learning - sensitization
Habituation is related to a/an (increase/decrease) in synaptic connectivity between
sensory and motor neurons - decrease
(habituation - DECREASED SYNAPSES, decreased NT release, decreased EPSP
production, decreased AP productions in that neuron --> dampens that neuron's
response --> reduced motor output)
Sensitization is caused by strengthening the response to a potentially dangerous
stimulus. Occurs in form of short and long term changes -
- Short term changes: (increased/decreased) EPSP production, and improved
mobilization of transmitters
- Long term changes: ___________ - increased, growth of new synapses (increase in #
of new synapses)
this type of associative learning is characterized by the pairing of an unconditional
stimulus with a conditional stimulus
- Pavlov - classical conditioning
(In Pavlov's experiment the conditional stimulus = bell ringing, the unconditional
stimulus = food being presented to animal; conditioned the animal to associate the bell
with receiving food and saw the animal have a salivatory response to the bell ringing
even when food was not presented afterward - the two events were linked)
this type of associative learning is characterized by associating a response with a
meaningful stimulus
,- Thorndike
- reinforcement and punishment - instrumental (operant) conditioning
retention of learned info
- declarative (facts and events; short-term, long-term), nondeclarative (implicit;
procedural - motor skills, habits) - memory
Declarative memory is typically mediated by what two brain regions?
- this type of memory deals with facts and events (i.e. maps, specific events like
birthdays and anniversaries)
- learned tasks that require consciousness and attention - medial temporal lobe
(hippocampus) (important for consolidation and storage of declarative memories!!!!),
diencephalon (anything we're conscious of has to go through the thalamus)
information flowing through the medial temporal lobe uses what structure as a major
output pathway from the hippocampus - fornix (sensory info --> cortical association area
--> pharahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas --> hippocampus --> fornix --> thalamus,
hypothalamus)
what brain lobe has an apparent role in memory storage and retrieval? - temporal
Non-declarative memory is typically mediated by what brain regions?
- this type of memory deals with skills, habits, and procedural memory
- learned tasks that can be performed automatically without being consciously aware of
it - striatum (procedural learning/skills and habits), cerebellum (skeletal musculature),
amygdala (emotional responses - i.e. danger)
, T/F: it is more complex to learn non-declarative memory but once you've learned it this
type of memory lasts longer than declarative memory - true (e.g. once you learn to ride
a bike it's hard to forget that)
this is a more complex form of non-declarative learning/memory that occurs through
trial-and-error
- motor cortex contributes to this learning and the shift from implicit to explicit knowledge
- sensorimotor cortex has a role in motor learning; damage to the sensorimotor cortex
doesn't cause loss of already learned skills but learning of new tasks would be highly
impaired
- robust / not easily lost
- can be formed along simple reflex pathways
- easier to study - procedural (learning)
what are the different types of declarative memory (3) - working (temporary storage;
lasts seconds; most of this sensory info is discarded), short term (vulnerable to
disruption; facts and events stored here; some aspects converted to long-term), long
term (recalled months or years later)
(memory consolidation = process of converting short- to long-term memories)
what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex - self-awareness, capacity for planning
and problem solving
In the Wisconsin Card-Sorting test there are different types of cards that a person can
sort by color, shape, or number. The person is not given direction on how to sort the
cards they are given so they must decide. As the person sorts their cards they will be
given a response on if their organization fashion is correct or not. This test is used to
demonstrate if the person has a problem/lesion in what brain area? - prefrontal cortex (if
there is a lesion here the person won't be able to figure out the task / the correct way to
organize the cards. they will constantly make more errors)
COMPLETE SOLUTION
acquisition of new info
- a specific change or modification of behavior involving the CNS as a result of
experience with an external even or series of events in an individual's life
- associative or non associative - learning
(associative/non-associative) learning involves a connection between two elements or
events
- associated with specific objects or elements
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
- operant conditioning - associative
(associative/non-associative) learning involves change in the magnitude of response to
environmental events
- habituation (getting used to your environment; lose sensitivity / downplay that sensory
info)
- sensitization - non-associative
when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an organism's responsiveness to the
stimulus
- e.g. tune out noise outside of a classroom
- form of non-associative learning
- getting used to something over time; not reacting to the stimulus as much
(desensitization) - habituation
,the response to repeatedly exposed stimulus increases over time
- e.g. people are more jumpy following a car accident or natural disaster
- form of non-associative learning - sensitization
Habituation is related to a/an (increase/decrease) in synaptic connectivity between
sensory and motor neurons - decrease
(habituation - DECREASED SYNAPSES, decreased NT release, decreased EPSP
production, decreased AP productions in that neuron --> dampens that neuron's
response --> reduced motor output)
Sensitization is caused by strengthening the response to a potentially dangerous
stimulus. Occurs in form of short and long term changes -
- Short term changes: (increased/decreased) EPSP production, and improved
mobilization of transmitters
- Long term changes: ___________ - increased, growth of new synapses (increase in #
of new synapses)
this type of associative learning is characterized by the pairing of an unconditional
stimulus with a conditional stimulus
- Pavlov - classical conditioning
(In Pavlov's experiment the conditional stimulus = bell ringing, the unconditional
stimulus = food being presented to animal; conditioned the animal to associate the bell
with receiving food and saw the animal have a salivatory response to the bell ringing
even when food was not presented afterward - the two events were linked)
this type of associative learning is characterized by associating a response with a
meaningful stimulus
,- Thorndike
- reinforcement and punishment - instrumental (operant) conditioning
retention of learned info
- declarative (facts and events; short-term, long-term), nondeclarative (implicit;
procedural - motor skills, habits) - memory
Declarative memory is typically mediated by what two brain regions?
- this type of memory deals with facts and events (i.e. maps, specific events like
birthdays and anniversaries)
- learned tasks that require consciousness and attention - medial temporal lobe
(hippocampus) (important for consolidation and storage of declarative memories!!!!),
diencephalon (anything we're conscious of has to go through the thalamus)
information flowing through the medial temporal lobe uses what structure as a major
output pathway from the hippocampus - fornix (sensory info --> cortical association area
--> pharahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas --> hippocampus --> fornix --> thalamus,
hypothalamus)
what brain lobe has an apparent role in memory storage and retrieval? - temporal
Non-declarative memory is typically mediated by what brain regions?
- this type of memory deals with skills, habits, and procedural memory
- learned tasks that can be performed automatically without being consciously aware of
it - striatum (procedural learning/skills and habits), cerebellum (skeletal musculature),
amygdala (emotional responses - i.e. danger)
, T/F: it is more complex to learn non-declarative memory but once you've learned it this
type of memory lasts longer than declarative memory - true (e.g. once you learn to ride
a bike it's hard to forget that)
this is a more complex form of non-declarative learning/memory that occurs through
trial-and-error
- motor cortex contributes to this learning and the shift from implicit to explicit knowledge
- sensorimotor cortex has a role in motor learning; damage to the sensorimotor cortex
doesn't cause loss of already learned skills but learning of new tasks would be highly
impaired
- robust / not easily lost
- can be formed along simple reflex pathways
- easier to study - procedural (learning)
what are the different types of declarative memory (3) - working (temporary storage;
lasts seconds; most of this sensory info is discarded), short term (vulnerable to
disruption; facts and events stored here; some aspects converted to long-term), long
term (recalled months or years later)
(memory consolidation = process of converting short- to long-term memories)
what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex - self-awareness, capacity for planning
and problem solving
In the Wisconsin Card-Sorting test there are different types of cards that a person can
sort by color, shape, or number. The person is not given direction on how to sort the
cards they are given so they must decide. As the person sorts their cards they will be
given a response on if their organization fashion is correct or not. This test is used to
demonstrate if the person has a problem/lesion in what brain area? - prefrontal cortex (if
there is a lesion here the person won't be able to figure out the task / the correct way to
organize the cards. they will constantly make more errors)
