NEW 2022 EXAM REVIEW SOLUTION FOR NPTE
(CARDIOPULMONARY AND LYMPHATIC)
The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. Many causes including: including
cirrhosis of the liver, cancer within the abdomen, congestive heart failure, and tuberculosis. -
CORRECT ANSWER ascites
Journey of blood throughout the body:
*Deoxygenated* blood from the superior and inferior __________ --> ________ --> flows
through the TRICUSPID valve --> ________ --> pumped through the PULMONARY valve -->
travels to the LUNGS via the ____________ --> becomes *oxygenated* --> travels back to the
HEART via the __________ --> ______ --> flows through the MITRAL/BICUSPID valve -->
________ --> pumped through the AORTIC valve --> Aorta --> systemic circulation - CORRECT
ANSWER vena cava, RA, RV, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, LA, LV
_______________: take oxygenated blood from areas of high to low pressure, circulation is
maintained by heart pump, flow is influenced by the elasticity and extensibility of vessel
walls and by peripheral resistance, amount of blood in the body - CORRECT ANSWER arteries
______________: Dark, deoxygenated blood from the tissues taken to the heart, larger
capacity, thinner walls, ONE WAY VALVES to prevent backflow, circulation influenced by
muscle contraction, gravity, respiration, and compliancy of right side of heart - CORRECT
ANSWER veins
Electrical Conduction of the heart:
_______ node (*main pacemaker of the heart*) --> Right/Left ________ (contract together) -
-> _______ node stimulated --> impulse sent to ___________ --> impulse spreads to
__________ fibers --> impulse spreads through Right/Left ________ (contract together) -
CORRECT ANSWER SA (sinoatrial; 60-100 bpm), atria, AV (atrioventricular), Bundle of His,
Purkinje, ventricals
,Normal HR (in beats per min, bpm):
- Adults:
- School aged children: - CORRECT ANSWER 60-100, 60-140
The _______ artery is the most commonly assessed for pulses in adults, while the ________
artery is the most appropriate to assess pulse in infants - CORRECT ANSWER radial, brachial
Normal BP (in mmHg):
- Adults:
- School aged children (6-9 y/o): - CORRECT ANSWER (Adults) < 120/80, (children) 97-115/57-
76
Normal RR (in breaths/min)
- Adults:
- Children: - CORRECT ANSWER 12-20, 20-30
Hypertensive crisis in adults is present if SBP is > ________ mmHg and/or DBP is >
___________ mmHg
Orthostatic hypotension is present if SBP drops > _______ mmHg and/or DBP drops >
_________ mmHg - CORRECT ANSWER 180, 120, 20, 10
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) -
Normal: _________
,Significant arterial disease/ischemia: < ________
Arterial Calcification: > ____________ - CORRECT ANSWER 1.0-1.40, 0.5, 1.40
_________________ = rattling, bubbling sounds, non-musical, more common during
inspiration
- Associated conditions: atelectasis, fibrosis, pulmonary edema - CORRECT ANSWER Crackles
(rales)
____________ = high or low pitched musical whistling, continuous, usually during beginning
of expiration; caused by an airway obstruction
- Associated Conditions: asthma, COPD, foreign body aspiration - CORRECT ANSWER
Wheezes (rhonchi)
_________ = strained, high-pitched sound, heard during inspiration, usually due to upper
airway (pharynx or larynx) obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER stridor
____________: loud grating/scratchy sound, related to the lower lung, heard during
inspiration AND expiration - CORRECT ANSWER pleural rub (made when the two layers of
the pleura rub together during respiration)
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions on an ECG:
A. P wave
B. PR interval
C. QRS wave
, D. T wave
-____: time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to purkinje
fibers; ventricular filling
-____: ventricular repolarization
-____: atrial depolarization
-____: ventricular depolarization - CORRECT ANSWER b, d, a, c
this term encompasses a group of vascular disorders which are characterized by the
thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls- abnormal hardening of body tissues
- can lead to aneurysms due to vessel wall weakening - CORRECT ANSWER arteriosclerosis
(commonly interchanged with 'atherosclerosis')
this is a combination of four congenital abnormalities. The four defects include a ventricular
septal defect (VSD), pulmonary valve stenosis, a misplaced aorta, and a thickened right
ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy) - CORRECT ANSWER tetralogy of fallot
During atherosclerosis, some irritant in the lumen of blood vessels leads to endothelial cell
dysfunction. When these cells don't function properly, molecules can pass through them
and get inside the tunica intima. The primary molecule to *aggregate in the tunica intima is
_________*. These continue to build up an result in *atherosclerotic plaques* - CORRECT
ANSWER LDL (low density lipoprotein)
(elevated levels of LDLs increase the risk of atherosclerosis)
(CARDIOPULMONARY AND LYMPHATIC)
The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. Many causes including: including
cirrhosis of the liver, cancer within the abdomen, congestive heart failure, and tuberculosis. -
CORRECT ANSWER ascites
Journey of blood throughout the body:
*Deoxygenated* blood from the superior and inferior __________ --> ________ --> flows
through the TRICUSPID valve --> ________ --> pumped through the PULMONARY valve -->
travels to the LUNGS via the ____________ --> becomes *oxygenated* --> travels back to the
HEART via the __________ --> ______ --> flows through the MITRAL/BICUSPID valve -->
________ --> pumped through the AORTIC valve --> Aorta --> systemic circulation - CORRECT
ANSWER vena cava, RA, RV, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, LA, LV
_______________: take oxygenated blood from areas of high to low pressure, circulation is
maintained by heart pump, flow is influenced by the elasticity and extensibility of vessel
walls and by peripheral resistance, amount of blood in the body - CORRECT ANSWER arteries
______________: Dark, deoxygenated blood from the tissues taken to the heart, larger
capacity, thinner walls, ONE WAY VALVES to prevent backflow, circulation influenced by
muscle contraction, gravity, respiration, and compliancy of right side of heart - CORRECT
ANSWER veins
Electrical Conduction of the heart:
_______ node (*main pacemaker of the heart*) --> Right/Left ________ (contract together) -
-> _______ node stimulated --> impulse sent to ___________ --> impulse spreads to
__________ fibers --> impulse spreads through Right/Left ________ (contract together) -
CORRECT ANSWER SA (sinoatrial; 60-100 bpm), atria, AV (atrioventricular), Bundle of His,
Purkinje, ventricals
,Normal HR (in beats per min, bpm):
- Adults:
- School aged children: - CORRECT ANSWER 60-100, 60-140
The _______ artery is the most commonly assessed for pulses in adults, while the ________
artery is the most appropriate to assess pulse in infants - CORRECT ANSWER radial, brachial
Normal BP (in mmHg):
- Adults:
- School aged children (6-9 y/o): - CORRECT ANSWER (Adults) < 120/80, (children) 97-115/57-
76
Normal RR (in breaths/min)
- Adults:
- Children: - CORRECT ANSWER 12-20, 20-30
Hypertensive crisis in adults is present if SBP is > ________ mmHg and/or DBP is >
___________ mmHg
Orthostatic hypotension is present if SBP drops > _______ mmHg and/or DBP drops >
_________ mmHg - CORRECT ANSWER 180, 120, 20, 10
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) -
Normal: _________
,Significant arterial disease/ischemia: < ________
Arterial Calcification: > ____________ - CORRECT ANSWER 1.0-1.40, 0.5, 1.40
_________________ = rattling, bubbling sounds, non-musical, more common during
inspiration
- Associated conditions: atelectasis, fibrosis, pulmonary edema - CORRECT ANSWER Crackles
(rales)
____________ = high or low pitched musical whistling, continuous, usually during beginning
of expiration; caused by an airway obstruction
- Associated Conditions: asthma, COPD, foreign body aspiration - CORRECT ANSWER
Wheezes (rhonchi)
_________ = strained, high-pitched sound, heard during inspiration, usually due to upper
airway (pharynx or larynx) obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER stridor
____________: loud grating/scratchy sound, related to the lower lung, heard during
inspiration AND expiration - CORRECT ANSWER pleural rub (made when the two layers of
the pleura rub together during respiration)
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions on an ECG:
A. P wave
B. PR interval
C. QRS wave
, D. T wave
-____: time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to purkinje
fibers; ventricular filling
-____: ventricular repolarization
-____: atrial depolarization
-____: ventricular depolarization - CORRECT ANSWER b, d, a, c
this term encompasses a group of vascular disorders which are characterized by the
thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls- abnormal hardening of body tissues
- can lead to aneurysms due to vessel wall weakening - CORRECT ANSWER arteriosclerosis
(commonly interchanged with 'atherosclerosis')
this is a combination of four congenital abnormalities. The four defects include a ventricular
septal defect (VSD), pulmonary valve stenosis, a misplaced aorta, and a thickened right
ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy) - CORRECT ANSWER tetralogy of fallot
During atherosclerosis, some irritant in the lumen of blood vessels leads to endothelial cell
dysfunction. When these cells don't function properly, molecules can pass through them
and get inside the tunica intima. The primary molecule to *aggregate in the tunica intima is
_________*. These continue to build up an result in *atherosclerotic plaques* - CORRECT
ANSWER LDL (low density lipoprotein)
(elevated levels of LDLs increase the risk of atherosclerosis)
