2022 NEW SOLUTION NEURO REVIEW FOR NPTE
this lobe of the brain is involved with higher order processing of info; the
"doing" lobe
- combines different modalities of sensory info (e.g. vision with touch/pain)
- contains the pre-central gyrus which is the *primary motor cortex*
(controls voluntary sk. muscle activity)
- involved with problem solving, cognition, behavior, reasoning, delayed
behavior, etc.
- Contains *Broca's area (speech production*) - frontal (lobe)
this brain structure is involved in *executive functions* or the higher
cognitive functions such as initiation/motivation, attention, planning,
problem solving, reasoning, judgement, and short-term memory.
- also involved in behavioral regulation (impulse control, high level coping
mechanisms for emotions of anger, sadness, frustration, hunger, and other
emotions)
- supplied by ACA and MCA - PFC (prefrontal cortex)
this lobe of the brain processes *sensory* information regarding location of
body parts (perception) and sensation (touch, pain, temp, pressure,
proprioception)
- includes the post-central gyrus which is the *primary somatosensory
cortex*, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch
- body orientation and sensory discrimination
- Main arterial supply: MCA - parietal (the "where system")
,Damage to the parietal lobe impacts:
a. ability to process and distinguish sensory info, difficulty with overall body
awareness
b. memory dysfunction (retrograde/anterograde amnesia), receptive
aphasia, difficulty recognizing music pitch and rhythm
c. impulsivity, behavioral control issues, expressive aphasia
d. none of the above - a (ability to process and distinguish sensory info,
difficulty with overall body awareness)
Damage to the temporal lobe impacts:
a. ability to process and distinguish sensory info, difficulty with overall body
awareness
b. memory dysfunction (retrograde/anterograde amnesia), receptive
aphasia, difficulty recognizing music pitch and rhythm
c. impulsivity, behavioral control issues, expressive aphasia
d. none of the above - b (memory dysfunction [retrograde/anterograde
amnesia], receptive aphasia, difficulty recognizing music pitch and rhythm)
Patients with lesions in the *left* hemisphere typically present with:
a. impulsivity
b. poor judgement
c. overestimate abilities/underestimate problems
d. slow and cautious - d (slow and cautious)
,(LEFT LESION: right side hemiplegia, slow, cautious, hesitant, insight into
impairments - frustration
RIGHT LESION: left side hemiplegia, impulsive, quick, indifferent, poor
judgement, overestimate abilities, underestimate problems)
this lobe of the brain is involved with *language, learning, memory*, and
conscious smell perception; the "What is it?" system
- includes the *primary auditory cortex* (allows us to perceive auditory
info/sounds), hippocampus (memory), and *Wernicke's area (language
comprehension*) - temporal
(Left temporal: language, interpretation [Wernicke's], facial recognition,
hyposexuality
Right temporal: primary auditory cortex, sounds, rhythm, music, visual
performance, emotional expression, hypersexuality)
this lobe of the brain is involved with vision
- visual info from optic nerve transmitted through the thalamus and into the
primary visual cortex - occipital
the ________ is involved with *balance and coordination* while the
__________ is in charge of the body's *involuntary responses* -
cerebellum, brainstem
, this brain structure's function is to sequence muscle contractions;
*coordination, balance*, equilibrium
- "small brain within the brain"; *motor learning*; new motor programs
created to ensure smooth movement
- lesions to this area result in motor deficits on the ipsilateral side of the
body; ataxia (uncoordinated and inaccurate movements), dyssynergia
(decomposition of synergistic multijoint movements), and dysmetria
(overshoot or undershoot target) - cerebellum
Match the following *brainstem* structures with the correct description:
-___: regulates breathing, HR, BP, digestion, sneezing and swallowing;
supplied by anterior spinal & posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
-___: involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep & wake cycles,
arousal/alertness, and temperature regulation; supplied by superior
cerebellar artery (via basilar a.)
-___: involved in the control of breathing, communication between different
parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste and balance;
supplied by the AICA & pontine arteries (via basilar a.)
a. midbrain
b. pons
c. medulla - c, a, b
(stroke or lesion in the brainstem can affect both sides of the body;
depends on lesion site and if decussation has occurred
this lobe of the brain is involved with higher order processing of info; the
"doing" lobe
- combines different modalities of sensory info (e.g. vision with touch/pain)
- contains the pre-central gyrus which is the *primary motor cortex*
(controls voluntary sk. muscle activity)
- involved with problem solving, cognition, behavior, reasoning, delayed
behavior, etc.
- Contains *Broca's area (speech production*) - frontal (lobe)
this brain structure is involved in *executive functions* or the higher
cognitive functions such as initiation/motivation, attention, planning,
problem solving, reasoning, judgement, and short-term memory.
- also involved in behavioral regulation (impulse control, high level coping
mechanisms for emotions of anger, sadness, frustration, hunger, and other
emotions)
- supplied by ACA and MCA - PFC (prefrontal cortex)
this lobe of the brain processes *sensory* information regarding location of
body parts (perception) and sensation (touch, pain, temp, pressure,
proprioception)
- includes the post-central gyrus which is the *primary somatosensory
cortex*, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch
- body orientation and sensory discrimination
- Main arterial supply: MCA - parietal (the "where system")
,Damage to the parietal lobe impacts:
a. ability to process and distinguish sensory info, difficulty with overall body
awareness
b. memory dysfunction (retrograde/anterograde amnesia), receptive
aphasia, difficulty recognizing music pitch and rhythm
c. impulsivity, behavioral control issues, expressive aphasia
d. none of the above - a (ability to process and distinguish sensory info,
difficulty with overall body awareness)
Damage to the temporal lobe impacts:
a. ability to process and distinguish sensory info, difficulty with overall body
awareness
b. memory dysfunction (retrograde/anterograde amnesia), receptive
aphasia, difficulty recognizing music pitch and rhythm
c. impulsivity, behavioral control issues, expressive aphasia
d. none of the above - b (memory dysfunction [retrograde/anterograde
amnesia], receptive aphasia, difficulty recognizing music pitch and rhythm)
Patients with lesions in the *left* hemisphere typically present with:
a. impulsivity
b. poor judgement
c. overestimate abilities/underestimate problems
d. slow and cautious - d (slow and cautious)
,(LEFT LESION: right side hemiplegia, slow, cautious, hesitant, insight into
impairments - frustration
RIGHT LESION: left side hemiplegia, impulsive, quick, indifferent, poor
judgement, overestimate abilities, underestimate problems)
this lobe of the brain is involved with *language, learning, memory*, and
conscious smell perception; the "What is it?" system
- includes the *primary auditory cortex* (allows us to perceive auditory
info/sounds), hippocampus (memory), and *Wernicke's area (language
comprehension*) - temporal
(Left temporal: language, interpretation [Wernicke's], facial recognition,
hyposexuality
Right temporal: primary auditory cortex, sounds, rhythm, music, visual
performance, emotional expression, hypersexuality)
this lobe of the brain is involved with vision
- visual info from optic nerve transmitted through the thalamus and into the
primary visual cortex - occipital
the ________ is involved with *balance and coordination* while the
__________ is in charge of the body's *involuntary responses* -
cerebellum, brainstem
, this brain structure's function is to sequence muscle contractions;
*coordination, balance*, equilibrium
- "small brain within the brain"; *motor learning*; new motor programs
created to ensure smooth movement
- lesions to this area result in motor deficits on the ipsilateral side of the
body; ataxia (uncoordinated and inaccurate movements), dyssynergia
(decomposition of synergistic multijoint movements), and dysmetria
(overshoot or undershoot target) - cerebellum
Match the following *brainstem* structures with the correct description:
-___: regulates breathing, HR, BP, digestion, sneezing and swallowing;
supplied by anterior spinal & posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
-___: involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep & wake cycles,
arousal/alertness, and temperature regulation; supplied by superior
cerebellar artery (via basilar a.)
-___: involved in the control of breathing, communication between different
parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste and balance;
supplied by the AICA & pontine arteries (via basilar a.)
a. midbrain
b. pons
c. medulla - c, a, b
(stroke or lesion in the brainstem can affect both sides of the body;
depends on lesion site and if decussation has occurred
