Biology Student’s Companion Resources (BIO SCORE) DB024
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
1.1 Introduction to Biodiversity and Taxonomy : the classification of biological diversity
LEARNING OUTCOMES : a) Define biodiversity
b) Explain the biological classification and nomenclature based on the
Linnaean System
c) State Three-Domain system (Carl Woese, 1977) : Bacteria, Archaea and
Eukarya
MAIN IDEAS EXPLANATION NOTES
Definition of • Biodiversity is the short term for biological diversity.
biodiversity • In Greek word “bios” means life and “logos” means
study. So the general meaning of biology is the study of
living things.
• Diversity means the state of being diverse or a range of
different things.
• Biodiversity is best defined as the variation of life
forms within a given area.
Biological • Biological classification is proposed by Carl Linnaeus
classification • Linnaeus grouped living organisms into a hierarchy of
and increasing inclusive category.
nomenclature • The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy
based on the is called a taxon (plural, taxa).
Linnaean • Example of taxa : Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
System Order, Family, Genus and Species.
• The highest taxonomic level is Domain and the lowest
taxon is Species.
• Example of taxonomic level hierarchy :
In the panther example :
Panthera is a taxon at the
genus level and
Mammalia is a taxon at
the Class level that
includes all the many
Orders of mammals.
1 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources (BIO SCORE) DB024
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Animalia In the Linnaean system,
taxa broader than the genus
Phylum : Chordata are not italicized, though
they are capitalized.
Class : Mammalia
Order : Carnivora
Family : Felidae
Genus : Panthera
Species : Panthera pardus
• Biological nomenclature is based on binomial system The first alphabet of the
• Binomial system is a formal system of naming living Genus is written in capital
organisms by giving a name composed of two parts. letter and the other
• The first part is Genus and the second part is Species. alphabets are lowercases.
• The binomial name is known as scientific name. If typed, both parts are
Example of scientific name is Panthera pardus. italicized (Panthera
pardus) and if handwritten,
both parts are underlined
separately
(Panthera pardus)
Three-Domain • Three-Domain system developed by Carl Woese, is a
system system for classifying biological organisms.
• This classification system model was based on
principles developed by Carolus Linnaeus
• The Three-Domain system, groups living organisms
primarily based on differences in rRNA structure.
• The three Domains are Archaea, Bacteria,
and Eukarya.
The Five Kingdoms System
The Three Domains System
2 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources (BIO SCORE) DB024
The Five Kingdoms System
The Three Domains System
3 | KMPk
, Biology Student’s Companion Resources (BIO SCORE) DB024
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
1.2 Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
a. State the two Domains of prokaryotes, Bacteria (E.coli) and Archaea (Sulfolobus
sp.)
b. Describe the diversity of bacteria based on cell shapes.
c. State the importance of bacteria :
i. Recycling of chemicals elements in ecosystem (nitrogen fixation, as
decomposer)
ii. Symbiotic (enterobacteria e.g. E coli in human intestine)
iii. Pathogenic (e.g. Salmonella sp.)
iv. In research and technology (bacterial plasmid)
MAIN IDEAS EXPLANATION NOTES
Two Domains Prokaryotes are classified into two Domains :
of prokaryotes
Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria
@ ancient bacteria @ true bacteria
Example : Sulfolobus sp. Example : E. coli
Diversity of • Individual bacteria can assume one of three basic cell shapes :
bacteria based a) spherical shaped @ coccus (pl. cocci) :
on cell shapes Examples : Diplococcus sp. , Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus sp.
b) rod shaped @ bacillus (pl. bacilli) :
Examples : Bacillus sp. , E. coli
c) spiral shaped @ spirillum :
Example : Rhodospirillum sp.
4 | KMPk
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
1.1 Introduction to Biodiversity and Taxonomy : the classification of biological diversity
LEARNING OUTCOMES : a) Define biodiversity
b) Explain the biological classification and nomenclature based on the
Linnaean System
c) State Three-Domain system (Carl Woese, 1977) : Bacteria, Archaea and
Eukarya
MAIN IDEAS EXPLANATION NOTES
Definition of • Biodiversity is the short term for biological diversity.
biodiversity • In Greek word “bios” means life and “logos” means
study. So the general meaning of biology is the study of
living things.
• Diversity means the state of being diverse or a range of
different things.
• Biodiversity is best defined as the variation of life
forms within a given area.
Biological • Biological classification is proposed by Carl Linnaeus
classification • Linnaeus grouped living organisms into a hierarchy of
and increasing inclusive category.
nomenclature • The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy
based on the is called a taxon (plural, taxa).
Linnaean • Example of taxa : Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
System Order, Family, Genus and Species.
• The highest taxonomic level is Domain and the lowest
taxon is Species.
• Example of taxonomic level hierarchy :
In the panther example :
Panthera is a taxon at the
genus level and
Mammalia is a taxon at
the Class level that
includes all the many
Orders of mammals.
1 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources (BIO SCORE) DB024
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Animalia In the Linnaean system,
taxa broader than the genus
Phylum : Chordata are not italicized, though
they are capitalized.
Class : Mammalia
Order : Carnivora
Family : Felidae
Genus : Panthera
Species : Panthera pardus
• Biological nomenclature is based on binomial system The first alphabet of the
• Binomial system is a formal system of naming living Genus is written in capital
organisms by giving a name composed of two parts. letter and the other
• The first part is Genus and the second part is Species. alphabets are lowercases.
• The binomial name is known as scientific name. If typed, both parts are
Example of scientific name is Panthera pardus. italicized (Panthera
pardus) and if handwritten,
both parts are underlined
separately
(Panthera pardus)
Three-Domain • Three-Domain system developed by Carl Woese, is a
system system for classifying biological organisms.
• This classification system model was based on
principles developed by Carolus Linnaeus
• The Three-Domain system, groups living organisms
primarily based on differences in rRNA structure.
• The three Domains are Archaea, Bacteria,
and Eukarya.
The Five Kingdoms System
The Three Domains System
2 | KMPk
,Biology Student’s Companion Resources (BIO SCORE) DB024
The Five Kingdoms System
The Three Domains System
3 | KMPk
, Biology Student’s Companion Resources (BIO SCORE) DB024
CHAPTER 1 : BIODIVERSITY
1.2 Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
a. State the two Domains of prokaryotes, Bacteria (E.coli) and Archaea (Sulfolobus
sp.)
b. Describe the diversity of bacteria based on cell shapes.
c. State the importance of bacteria :
i. Recycling of chemicals elements in ecosystem (nitrogen fixation, as
decomposer)
ii. Symbiotic (enterobacteria e.g. E coli in human intestine)
iii. Pathogenic (e.g. Salmonella sp.)
iv. In research and technology (bacterial plasmid)
MAIN IDEAS EXPLANATION NOTES
Two Domains Prokaryotes are classified into two Domains :
of prokaryotes
Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria
@ ancient bacteria @ true bacteria
Example : Sulfolobus sp. Example : E. coli
Diversity of • Individual bacteria can assume one of three basic cell shapes :
bacteria based a) spherical shaped @ coccus (pl. cocci) :
on cell shapes Examples : Diplococcus sp. , Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus sp.
b) rod shaped @ bacillus (pl. bacilli) :
Examples : Bacillus sp. , E. coli
c) spiral shaped @ spirillum :
Example : Rhodospirillum sp.
4 | KMPk
