➔ act of separating the young from the mother
SWINELAB
WEANLING
LEC1: Types & Breeds of Swine
➔ piglets removed or separated at weaning
SWINE/ SUIDAE
SUCKLING
➔ genus/family of cloven-footed animal
➔ piglets that are nursing/suckling milk from their dam
BOAR
DAM
➔ mature male swine intended for breeding
➔ mother
SOW
SIRE
➔ mature female swine intended for breeding
➔ father
GILT
PARITY
➔ young female swine intended for breeding, but has not yet
given birth ➔ no. of litter a sow has had
• ex. in 1st parity, sow has had 1 litter, 2nd parity = 2
BARROW litters, etc.
➔ male swine castrated at an early age PROLIFICACY
STAG ➔ ability to produce large no. of offspring
➔ male swine castrated at an advanced age FECUNDITY/FERILITY
CASTRATION ➔ ability to fertilize an ovum
➔ increased number of ova or sperm
➔ act of removing testes
COD
CRYPTORCHIDISM
➔ part of scrotum left after castration
➔ inability of the testes to descend into the scrotum
MECONEUM
MONORCHID
➔ 1st excreta of a newborn animal
➔ single testes
PIGLET COLOSTRUM
➔ young swine of either sex ➔ 1st milk secretion
PIG HERD
➔ adult swine ➔ group of swine
o SOUNDER = group of pigs/growers
HOG
➔ refers to swine; commonly used term in the US STY
SHOAT/SHOTE ➔ pen where swine are fed & housed
➔ young swine of either sex, weighing 30-50 kg. PORK
PARTURITION ➔ meat of a pig
➔ act of giving birth; general term for all animals TYPES
FARROWING ➔ animals raised for specific purpose
➔ act of giving birth in SWINE BREEDS
DYSTOCIA ➔ animals possessing the same characteristics & pass it
onto their offspring
➔ difficulty in giving birth
2 TYPES OF SWINE
LITTER
1. Lard
➔ group of piglets that a sow gives birth at 1 farrowing
➔ raised for lard or oil or fats
LITTER SIZE ➢ breeds
• Choctaw
➔ total no. of piglets at 1 farrowing
• Guinea hog
LITTER NUMBER • Mulefoot
➔ no. of times a sow has given birth
LITTER
,MAJOR BREEDS OF SWINE Spots
Berkshire ➔ developed in Indiana
➔ originated in England ➔ black w/ white spots or
➔ black w/ 6 white points: white w/ black spots
legs, snout, & switch ➔ small ears drooping over
➔ short snout that is turned the eyes
up ➔ efficient feeders
➔ known for producing high ➔ noted for rapid weight gain
quality meat Yorkshire
➔ erect ears
➔ originated in Yorkshire, England
Chester White ➔ white in color
➔ large, erect ears
➔ originated in Chester County, ➔ known as “the mother breed”
Pennsylvania ➔ produces large litters
➔ large in size, white with small, ➔ bacon-type hog
drooped ears ➔ may be the most common breed in
➔ mothering breed the world
➔ known to produce large litters that
grow rapidly Pietrain
➔ birthplace: Pietrain,
Belgium
Duroc
➔ black & white spots in the
➔ originated in the US body
➔ solid red ➔ erect ears
➔ drooped ears ➔ extreme muscularity & leanness
➔ very desirable carcass ➔ early maturing
➔ excellent meat type hog ➔ normally stress positive
➔ terminal sire breed
Hampshire
2 TYPES OF SWINE
➔ developed in the US
➔ probably the oldest 1. Maternal Breeds
American breed ➔ known for large litters & replacement females
➔ black w/ white belt & white ➢ Chester White
➢ Landrace
front legs
➢ Yorkshire
➔ good mothers
2. Terminal Breeds
➔ small, erect ears
➔ known for growth & carcass quality
➔ well-known meat breed
➔ used in terminal crosses
➢ Berkshire
Landrace
➢ Hampshire
➔ originated in Denmark ➢ Spot
➢ Duroc
➔ drooped ears
➢ Poland China
➔ known for their maternal ➢ Pietrain
instincts
➔ white in color HYBRID/ SYNTHETIC BREEDS
➔ long ➢ Hypor
➢ Babcock
➔ flatter-top than other
➢ Dalland/ topigs
breeds ➢ Seghers
Poland China NATIVE BREEDS
➢ Ilocos
➔ originated in the
➢ Jala-jala
US ➢ Bekjala
➔ noted for their ➢ Diani
, ➔ runt: smallest & lightest piglet in a litter
SWINELAB
LEC2: Selection & Culling POINTERS IN REPLACING OR CULLING
1. Cull gills that don’t settle despite of repeated mating
METHODS OF SELECTION
➔ proven sire
Pedigree Evaluation ➔ nutrition
➔ timing & procedure
➔ relies on ancestry records w/c at times are
unreliable & in most cases, unavailable 2. Cull prolific sow w/c failed to wean at least 8 healthy
piglets
Individual Performance
➔ 2nd or increased parity
➔ simplest & most common, effective &
➔ nutrition & management
practical method
➔ animals are evaluated based on their traits 3. Cull sows that do not reproduce regularly
that can be measured directly like ADG & BF
➔ farrowing index (2.2x/yr)
Independent Culling Level
4. Cull sow w/ poor maternal instinct & mothering
➔ 1 trait ability
➔ method of selecting two or more traits but
,
they both need to meet a minimum standard 5. Cull animal transmitting undesirable traits
if the animal didn't meet one trait =
culled 6. Cull animal found positive of contagious/infectious
diseases
Tandem Method
,
7. Cull boars that have difficulty in mounting
➔ 2/more traits that are entirely independent
from each other 8. Remove weak & runt piglets
,
Selection Index
9. Dispose slow growing pigs
➔ most efficient way of establishing genetic
quality to improve the herd 10. Cull breeders w/ feet problems & damage teats
,
➔ difficult to apply as it considers many traits
along w/ their heritability & genotypic 4. Free from hereditary defects & diseases
correlations & economic values of diff. traits
5. Never purchase or buy runts
being considered in an index
➢ one
SELECTION INDEX
POINTERS IN SELECTING ANIMALS FOR CULLING
SI = 240 + [(100)(ADG)] – [(50)(FCR)] – [(19.7)(BF]
1. Select from a large & healthy litter
➔ at least 8 pigs at weaning ◣Sample Problem◥
➔ measure of good mothering ability
Find the SI and determine w/c pig is best the best breed
2. Select animal w/ 12 or more well developed, well-
A B C
spaced & equally distributed teats
ADG 550 g 600 g 625 g
FCR 2.9 2.7 3.0
3. Select animal w/ well-defined characteristics
BF 1.5 cm 1.9 cm 1.7 cm
➔ male: masculinity, well-developed testicle,
ambitious but controlled temperament, SI = 240 + [(100)(ADG)] – [(50)(FCR)] – [(19.7)(BF]
aggressive, potent A = 240 + [(100)(0.55)] – [(50)(2.9)] – [(19.7)(1.5)]
➔ female: regular estrous cycle, good = 240 + 55 – 145 – 29.55
mothering ability, prolific, heavy milkers, = 120.45
refined & smooth general appearance, well- B = 240 + [(100)(0.60)] – [(50)(2.7)] – [(19.7)(1.9]
developed vulva = 240 + 60 – 135 – 37.43
= 127.57 highest
4. Well-balanced & sound-footed to display free & A = 240 + [(100)(0.625)] – [(50)(3.0)] – [(19.7)(1.7)]
active movement = 240 + 62.5 – 150 – 33.49
➔ stance (wide) = 119.01
➔ short pastern B is the best
➔ adequate bone
5. Avoid animals w/ physical & hereditary defects
6. Avoid animals w/c are positive for contagious &
infectious diseases
7. Select @ 2-3 months of age
POINTERS IN SELECTING ANIMALS FOR CULLING
SWINELAB
WEANLING
LEC1: Types & Breeds of Swine
➔ piglets removed or separated at weaning
SWINE/ SUIDAE
SUCKLING
➔ genus/family of cloven-footed animal
➔ piglets that are nursing/suckling milk from their dam
BOAR
DAM
➔ mature male swine intended for breeding
➔ mother
SOW
SIRE
➔ mature female swine intended for breeding
➔ father
GILT
PARITY
➔ young female swine intended for breeding, but has not yet
given birth ➔ no. of litter a sow has had
• ex. in 1st parity, sow has had 1 litter, 2nd parity = 2
BARROW litters, etc.
➔ male swine castrated at an early age PROLIFICACY
STAG ➔ ability to produce large no. of offspring
➔ male swine castrated at an advanced age FECUNDITY/FERILITY
CASTRATION ➔ ability to fertilize an ovum
➔ increased number of ova or sperm
➔ act of removing testes
COD
CRYPTORCHIDISM
➔ part of scrotum left after castration
➔ inability of the testes to descend into the scrotum
MECONEUM
MONORCHID
➔ 1st excreta of a newborn animal
➔ single testes
PIGLET COLOSTRUM
➔ young swine of either sex ➔ 1st milk secretion
PIG HERD
➔ adult swine ➔ group of swine
o SOUNDER = group of pigs/growers
HOG
➔ refers to swine; commonly used term in the US STY
SHOAT/SHOTE ➔ pen where swine are fed & housed
➔ young swine of either sex, weighing 30-50 kg. PORK
PARTURITION ➔ meat of a pig
➔ act of giving birth; general term for all animals TYPES
FARROWING ➔ animals raised for specific purpose
➔ act of giving birth in SWINE BREEDS
DYSTOCIA ➔ animals possessing the same characteristics & pass it
onto their offspring
➔ difficulty in giving birth
2 TYPES OF SWINE
LITTER
1. Lard
➔ group of piglets that a sow gives birth at 1 farrowing
➔ raised for lard or oil or fats
LITTER SIZE ➢ breeds
• Choctaw
➔ total no. of piglets at 1 farrowing
• Guinea hog
LITTER NUMBER • Mulefoot
➔ no. of times a sow has given birth
LITTER
,MAJOR BREEDS OF SWINE Spots
Berkshire ➔ developed in Indiana
➔ originated in England ➔ black w/ white spots or
➔ black w/ 6 white points: white w/ black spots
legs, snout, & switch ➔ small ears drooping over
➔ short snout that is turned the eyes
up ➔ efficient feeders
➔ known for producing high ➔ noted for rapid weight gain
quality meat Yorkshire
➔ erect ears
➔ originated in Yorkshire, England
Chester White ➔ white in color
➔ large, erect ears
➔ originated in Chester County, ➔ known as “the mother breed”
Pennsylvania ➔ produces large litters
➔ large in size, white with small, ➔ bacon-type hog
drooped ears ➔ may be the most common breed in
➔ mothering breed the world
➔ known to produce large litters that
grow rapidly Pietrain
➔ birthplace: Pietrain,
Belgium
Duroc
➔ black & white spots in the
➔ originated in the US body
➔ solid red ➔ erect ears
➔ drooped ears ➔ extreme muscularity & leanness
➔ very desirable carcass ➔ early maturing
➔ excellent meat type hog ➔ normally stress positive
➔ terminal sire breed
Hampshire
2 TYPES OF SWINE
➔ developed in the US
➔ probably the oldest 1. Maternal Breeds
American breed ➔ known for large litters & replacement females
➔ black w/ white belt & white ➢ Chester White
➢ Landrace
front legs
➢ Yorkshire
➔ good mothers
2. Terminal Breeds
➔ small, erect ears
➔ known for growth & carcass quality
➔ well-known meat breed
➔ used in terminal crosses
➢ Berkshire
Landrace
➢ Hampshire
➔ originated in Denmark ➢ Spot
➢ Duroc
➔ drooped ears
➢ Poland China
➔ known for their maternal ➢ Pietrain
instincts
➔ white in color HYBRID/ SYNTHETIC BREEDS
➔ long ➢ Hypor
➢ Babcock
➔ flatter-top than other
➢ Dalland/ topigs
breeds ➢ Seghers
Poland China NATIVE BREEDS
➢ Ilocos
➔ originated in the
➢ Jala-jala
US ➢ Bekjala
➔ noted for their ➢ Diani
, ➔ runt: smallest & lightest piglet in a litter
SWINELAB
LEC2: Selection & Culling POINTERS IN REPLACING OR CULLING
1. Cull gills that don’t settle despite of repeated mating
METHODS OF SELECTION
➔ proven sire
Pedigree Evaluation ➔ nutrition
➔ timing & procedure
➔ relies on ancestry records w/c at times are
unreliable & in most cases, unavailable 2. Cull prolific sow w/c failed to wean at least 8 healthy
piglets
Individual Performance
➔ 2nd or increased parity
➔ simplest & most common, effective &
➔ nutrition & management
practical method
➔ animals are evaluated based on their traits 3. Cull sows that do not reproduce regularly
that can be measured directly like ADG & BF
➔ farrowing index (2.2x/yr)
Independent Culling Level
4. Cull sow w/ poor maternal instinct & mothering
➔ 1 trait ability
➔ method of selecting two or more traits but
,
they both need to meet a minimum standard 5. Cull animal transmitting undesirable traits
if the animal didn't meet one trait =
culled 6. Cull animal found positive of contagious/infectious
diseases
Tandem Method
,
7. Cull boars that have difficulty in mounting
➔ 2/more traits that are entirely independent
from each other 8. Remove weak & runt piglets
,
Selection Index
9. Dispose slow growing pigs
➔ most efficient way of establishing genetic
quality to improve the herd 10. Cull breeders w/ feet problems & damage teats
,
➔ difficult to apply as it considers many traits
along w/ their heritability & genotypic 4. Free from hereditary defects & diseases
correlations & economic values of diff. traits
5. Never purchase or buy runts
being considered in an index
➢ one
SELECTION INDEX
POINTERS IN SELECTING ANIMALS FOR CULLING
SI = 240 + [(100)(ADG)] – [(50)(FCR)] – [(19.7)(BF]
1. Select from a large & healthy litter
➔ at least 8 pigs at weaning ◣Sample Problem◥
➔ measure of good mothering ability
Find the SI and determine w/c pig is best the best breed
2. Select animal w/ 12 or more well developed, well-
A B C
spaced & equally distributed teats
ADG 550 g 600 g 625 g
FCR 2.9 2.7 3.0
3. Select animal w/ well-defined characteristics
BF 1.5 cm 1.9 cm 1.7 cm
➔ male: masculinity, well-developed testicle,
ambitious but controlled temperament, SI = 240 + [(100)(ADG)] – [(50)(FCR)] – [(19.7)(BF]
aggressive, potent A = 240 + [(100)(0.55)] – [(50)(2.9)] – [(19.7)(1.5)]
➔ female: regular estrous cycle, good = 240 + 55 – 145 – 29.55
mothering ability, prolific, heavy milkers, = 120.45
refined & smooth general appearance, well- B = 240 + [(100)(0.60)] – [(50)(2.7)] – [(19.7)(1.9]
developed vulva = 240 + 60 – 135 – 37.43
= 127.57 highest
4. Well-balanced & sound-footed to display free & A = 240 + [(100)(0.625)] – [(50)(3.0)] – [(19.7)(1.7)]
active movement = 240 + 62.5 – 150 – 33.49
➔ stance (wide) = 119.01
➔ short pastern B is the best
➔ adequate bone
5. Avoid animals w/ physical & hereditary defects
6. Avoid animals w/c are positive for contagious &
infectious diseases
7. Select @ 2-3 months of age
POINTERS IN SELECTING ANIMALS FOR CULLING
