ROTATIONAL CROSS
SWINELAB
LEC 10: Breeding Management
METHODS OF BREEDING
Natural
o Hand/Controlled
Artificial Insemination (AI)
SYSTEM OF BREEDING
Upgrading
o System of breeding between a pure and a
native to improve stocks
▪ Ex. Berkjala = Berkshire x Jala-jala
Pure breeding
o Mating animals of the same breed
Cross breeding
o Mating 2 different breeds
o 2-way cross ADVANTAGES OF CROSSBREEDING
o 3-way cross
o 4-way cross ✓ Increase profit through hybrid vigor/heterosis/nicking
o Backcrossing ✓ Increase LS
o Crisscrossing ✓ Increase growth rate
o Rotational crossing ✓ Increase Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Out breeding ✓ Increase meatiness
o Breeding nonrelated animals o Heterosis = amount by w/c the performance
In breeding of the offspring exceeds the means of each
o Breeding closely related animals parent
o Not really recommended as this practice o Heat/estrus = period when the female will
yields to abnormalities in the stock stand & allow to be mounted by the male
Line breeding
o Breeding of distant relatives STAGES OF ESTRUS
❖ Proestrus
o Increase development of ovarian follicle
[estrogen]
❖ Estrus
o Sexual receptivity [mature/ripe ovum]
o Terminate at the ovulation
❖ Metestrus
o Post-ovulatory phase
o Corpus Luteum (CL) functions [produces
progesterone to maintain pregnancy]
❖ Anestrus
o Long period of rest between breeding
seasons
❖ Diestrus
o Short period of rest between estrus in
polyestrus animals
SIGNS OF ESTRUS
✓ Swelling of the vulva
✓ Redness of the vulva
✓ Mucus secretion
✓ Anorexia
✓ Euphoria/sounding
✓ Mounting other animals
✓ Frequent urination
✓ Standing heat (sexual receptivity)
,SCORING THE ONSET OF ESTRUS Dry period
o 6-9 days
Physiological Behavioral Boar breeding age (start using boar)
0 = no signs 2 or 3 = “soliciting” o 7-8 months
1 = reddens 2 or 3 = jumping Breeding Load of Boar
2 = red, swollen, “turgid” 3 = head-to-flank o Natural
4 = 3 + mucus 4 = standing heat ▪ Junior Boar
• 1x/week
▪ Senior Boar
• 1x/day
o A.I.
▪ 7-9 months
• 1x/week
▪ 9-12 months
• 5-7x/week
▪ 12-18 months
• 7-8x/week
▪ 18 up months
• 8-10x/week
*Most eggs are ovulated between 30-48 hours from
the time sows start to show external signs of heat
*Sperm cell survives in the genital tract for 36-48
hours (in most mammals)
When to follow up = 12 hours after the 1st breeding
(gilt)
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
➢ Applications
o Whole semen
ESTRUS DETECTION (SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY) o Extended semen
o Frozen semen
➢ Haunch pressure test ➢ Procedures
➢ Riding the back test o Semen collection
▪ Early in the morning
▪ Later in the afternoon
▪ Used a teaser/dummy
▪ Collect the 2nd fraction (sperm-
rich)
o Semen evaluation
▪ Color = creamy white
▪ Volume = ave. of 200 ml
➢ Semen on the snout test ▪ Concentration = 240 million/ml
➢ Teaser method ▪ Above 80% motility
▪ pH = slight alkaline
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA o Semen extension
▪ 1:1
Puberty ▪ Extender: nutrition; antibiotics [powder
o 6 months in pouch]
Estrus/heat period o Refrigeration
o 5 days ▪ Fresh semen = 15-20oC
o When to breed ▪ Extended semen = 5-10oC
▪ 2-3 days o Insemination
Estrus/heat cycle ▪ 12 hours after collection &
o 18-24 days (ave. 21) extension
Gestation period ▪ Pull vulva slightly until
o 114 days perpendicular to the ground
▪ 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days ▪ Insert the AI catheter in
Boar to Sow ratio counterclockwise
o Junior boar ▪ until it locks with the cervix [humps]
▪ 1:10-15 ▪ inseminate 50ml of extended
o Senior boar semen
▪ 1:20-30
o AI
▪ 1:50-80
Breeding Age (1st time to breed)
o 7-8 months at 90-100 kg
, SEMEN COLLECTION PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS
Physical evaluation: presence of
estrus/development of abdominal & mammary
Ballohement/tacticle precision [Ballottement/tactical
precision] = intermittent, firm, push-strock is applied w/
the object of evoking motion in the understanding
organ/fetus so causing it to rebound on the finger tips
Rectal palpation
Utrasonography =
o A mode (amplitude mode)
▪ : dropples (fetal circulation)
▪ :sonar/echo (maternal-fetal)
o B mode (real time ultrasound scanning)
Radioimmunoassay
o Progesterone in milk
o Progesterone in serum
o Estrone sulfate in serum
SEMEN EVALUATION
ฅ* LEARNING ACTIVITIES ฅ*
Common outcomes of inbreeding
o Inbreeding depression
▪ Decreased in performance of a
certain animal lineage
o Increased freq. of homozygosity
▪ Susceptibility to heritable diseases
o Decreased freq. of heterozygosity
▪ Susceptibility to heritable diseases
▪ Similar alleles/gene pairs
o Increased prepotency
▪ Ability of an individual animal to
SEMEN EXTENSION
consistently pass on its traits
INSEMINATION
SWINELAB
LEC 10: Breeding Management
METHODS OF BREEDING
Natural
o Hand/Controlled
Artificial Insemination (AI)
SYSTEM OF BREEDING
Upgrading
o System of breeding between a pure and a
native to improve stocks
▪ Ex. Berkjala = Berkshire x Jala-jala
Pure breeding
o Mating animals of the same breed
Cross breeding
o Mating 2 different breeds
o 2-way cross ADVANTAGES OF CROSSBREEDING
o 3-way cross
o 4-way cross ✓ Increase profit through hybrid vigor/heterosis/nicking
o Backcrossing ✓ Increase LS
o Crisscrossing ✓ Increase growth rate
o Rotational crossing ✓ Increase Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Out breeding ✓ Increase meatiness
o Breeding nonrelated animals o Heterosis = amount by w/c the performance
In breeding of the offspring exceeds the means of each
o Breeding closely related animals parent
o Not really recommended as this practice o Heat/estrus = period when the female will
yields to abnormalities in the stock stand & allow to be mounted by the male
Line breeding
o Breeding of distant relatives STAGES OF ESTRUS
❖ Proestrus
o Increase development of ovarian follicle
[estrogen]
❖ Estrus
o Sexual receptivity [mature/ripe ovum]
o Terminate at the ovulation
❖ Metestrus
o Post-ovulatory phase
o Corpus Luteum (CL) functions [produces
progesterone to maintain pregnancy]
❖ Anestrus
o Long period of rest between breeding
seasons
❖ Diestrus
o Short period of rest between estrus in
polyestrus animals
SIGNS OF ESTRUS
✓ Swelling of the vulva
✓ Redness of the vulva
✓ Mucus secretion
✓ Anorexia
✓ Euphoria/sounding
✓ Mounting other animals
✓ Frequent urination
✓ Standing heat (sexual receptivity)
,SCORING THE ONSET OF ESTRUS Dry period
o 6-9 days
Physiological Behavioral Boar breeding age (start using boar)
0 = no signs 2 or 3 = “soliciting” o 7-8 months
1 = reddens 2 or 3 = jumping Breeding Load of Boar
2 = red, swollen, “turgid” 3 = head-to-flank o Natural
4 = 3 + mucus 4 = standing heat ▪ Junior Boar
• 1x/week
▪ Senior Boar
• 1x/day
o A.I.
▪ 7-9 months
• 1x/week
▪ 9-12 months
• 5-7x/week
▪ 12-18 months
• 7-8x/week
▪ 18 up months
• 8-10x/week
*Most eggs are ovulated between 30-48 hours from
the time sows start to show external signs of heat
*Sperm cell survives in the genital tract for 36-48
hours (in most mammals)
When to follow up = 12 hours after the 1st breeding
(gilt)
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
➢ Applications
o Whole semen
ESTRUS DETECTION (SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY) o Extended semen
o Frozen semen
➢ Haunch pressure test ➢ Procedures
➢ Riding the back test o Semen collection
▪ Early in the morning
▪ Later in the afternoon
▪ Used a teaser/dummy
▪ Collect the 2nd fraction (sperm-
rich)
o Semen evaluation
▪ Color = creamy white
▪ Volume = ave. of 200 ml
➢ Semen on the snout test ▪ Concentration = 240 million/ml
➢ Teaser method ▪ Above 80% motility
▪ pH = slight alkaline
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA o Semen extension
▪ 1:1
Puberty ▪ Extender: nutrition; antibiotics [powder
o 6 months in pouch]
Estrus/heat period o Refrigeration
o 5 days ▪ Fresh semen = 15-20oC
o When to breed ▪ Extended semen = 5-10oC
▪ 2-3 days o Insemination
Estrus/heat cycle ▪ 12 hours after collection &
o 18-24 days (ave. 21) extension
Gestation period ▪ Pull vulva slightly until
o 114 days perpendicular to the ground
▪ 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days ▪ Insert the AI catheter in
Boar to Sow ratio counterclockwise
o Junior boar ▪ until it locks with the cervix [humps]
▪ 1:10-15 ▪ inseminate 50ml of extended
o Senior boar semen
▪ 1:20-30
o AI
▪ 1:50-80
Breeding Age (1st time to breed)
o 7-8 months at 90-100 kg
, SEMEN COLLECTION PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS
Physical evaluation: presence of
estrus/development of abdominal & mammary
Ballohement/tacticle precision [Ballottement/tactical
precision] = intermittent, firm, push-strock is applied w/
the object of evoking motion in the understanding
organ/fetus so causing it to rebound on the finger tips
Rectal palpation
Utrasonography =
o A mode (amplitude mode)
▪ : dropples (fetal circulation)
▪ :sonar/echo (maternal-fetal)
o B mode (real time ultrasound scanning)
Radioimmunoassay
o Progesterone in milk
o Progesterone in serum
o Estrone sulfate in serum
SEMEN EVALUATION
ฅ* LEARNING ACTIVITIES ฅ*
Common outcomes of inbreeding
o Inbreeding depression
▪ Decreased in performance of a
certain animal lineage
o Increased freq. of homozygosity
▪ Susceptibility to heritable diseases
o Decreased freq. of heterozygosity
▪ Susceptibility to heritable diseases
▪ Similar alleles/gene pairs
o Increased prepotency
▪ Ability of an individual animal to
SEMEN EXTENSION
consistently pass on its traits
INSEMINATION
