1/4 of the lower beak. This is done early at a
Exercise 7 Growing & Laying Management chicken’s life—at 5-10 days of age; if necessary, a
second beak trimming is performed at 10-14
❖ The growing stage covers the period weeks of age. Debeaking serves many important
functions, which is why it is highly advised to all
immediately after brooding up to ready-to-lay poultry owners. Among the reasons why
stage. During this period, there is a need to debeaking is performed during the growing stage
increase the space allowances per bird. Feeds of growing flock is to prevent or control
occurrences of cannibalism and feather picking.
provided during this period are the grower (six Other than that, debeaking is done to prevent
to twelve weeks) and the pullet developer injuries among chicks, as well as to prevent
injuries to owners and handlers from pecking or
(twelve to twenty weeks).
insubordination.
❖ Exposure to light can affect the sexual maturity
of the chickens. The cardinal rule is not to - Enumerate the important factors to be considered in
debeaking
increase the daylength exposure of the flock o Debeaking should be done during the cold hours
during the growing period. When exposed to of the day, preferably early morning, to minimize
excessive lighting, pullets will start to lay eggs at stress.
o Water soluble vitamins containing electrolytes
an early age. should be given to chicks 2 days before and 2
❖ The laying stage covers the period when the days after trimming so as to reduce stress, aid in
blood clotting, and prevent dehydration.
pullets start laying eggs until they have
o Unless deemed necessary, a second beak
completed one egg laying cycle. The length of trimming shall be done at 10-14 weeks of age.
this period depends on the strain of egg-type o Most importantly, debeaking must be performed by
a competent and trained personnel using proper
chickens raised and the kind of management equipment and procedures; otherwise, there may
provided. be excessive bleeding in the beak and the bird
❖ Space allowance- During the growing and laying may die due to complications and probable
starvation.
stages, birds should be given the appropriate - Calculate the total feed consumption(kgs) of 100 layers for
floor, feeding, and drinking space allowances. the month of January.
Comfortable chickens are able to move, eat,
and drink normally, grow normally, produce
more eggs than those kept under overcrowding
conditions
°•. ✿ .•°
- How many bags of pullet developer mash will you prepare
for 1000 Babcock Pullets (12-20 weeks) for a period of one
ฅ* LEARNING ACTIVITIES ฅ* week?
- Discuss the lighting management for growing
flock and the reason for not increasing the day
length exposure.
o Light affects the flock’s sexual maturity
o Do not increase the day-length exposure
→ stimulate chicken to stimulate very
early - How many growing chicken (3-8 weeks of age) could be
o Early maturity = small eggs, poor egg accommodated in a house measuring 10 meters wide and
15meters long? Show your complete solution.
production w/ short intervals
- Discuss the lighting program for laying hens and
the effect of decrease in light exposure.
o The recommended lighting program for
laying hens requires 1 hour increment until
20 weeks once day-length is increased.
- In a laying cage with dimension of 60 cms x 90 cms, how
Then, an additional 20-minute increment
many Hyline layers could be placed/housed? Show your
should follow from 20-21 weeks in order to
complete solution.
reach 15 hours of daylight at 22 weeks.
Furthermore, additional thirty-minute
increment is added every 2 weeks when egg
production falls below 1%, and then, 15
minutes the following weeks until a
maximum of 16 daylight hours is met.
During the hen’s laying period, the amount of
day-length in a recommended lighting
program should not be allowed to decrease.
,docx Growing & Laying Management
The cardinal rule is not to increase the day length
brooding stage (0-6 weeks) exposure of the flock during the growing period. In the tropics,
the difference between the day light and dark hours is
Broilers are grown for a period 35 to 42 days as relatively small as compared to temperate countries. When
the case maybe. exposed to excessive lighting or increasing day length, pullets
will start to lay eggs at an early age. In general, pullets laying
Layers are brooded for a period of 6 weeks.
eggs at an early age tend to lay small-sized eggs and have a
The duration of brooding depends on the rate
short production period.
of feathering and the season of the year. The
duration is shorter with fast-feathering chicks Beak Trimming
and during warm months of the year.
Beak trimming is the process of removing a portion of
Broilers the beak to prevent or control the outbreak of cannibalism.
This could be done as early as 5-10 days of age. It should be
Amount of done preferably during cold hours of the day to minimize
Stage of Growth Kind of Feed
Feed stress. Water soluble vitamin packs with electrolytes should be
Brooding Booster Mash given to the chicks 2 days before and 3 days after trimming to
Ad libitum
(0-2 weeks) (23% CP) help reduce stress, aid in blood clotting, and reduce
Starter dehydration. If necessary, a second beak trimming is done at
Starting
Mash/crumble Ad libitum 10-14 weeks of age.
(3-4 weeks)
(20% CP)
Growing/Finishing Finisher Ad libitum
(4 weeks to mash/crumble (ave. 3-3.5 Culling and Selection
market) (18.5% CP) kg/broiler)
Character Good Layer Poor Layer
Fully developed, Small, pale,
Comb, wattles,
Layers bright red, cold, shrunken,
earlobes
warm and waxy dry
Stage of Amount of Pubic bones (2 Spread apart, 2- Close together,
Kind of Feed
Growth Feed small bones 3 fingers can be only 1 finger
Brooding Chick Starter extending along placed between can be placed
3kg/bird
(0-6 weeks) Mash (20% CP) the sides of the them, thin and between them,
Growing vent) pliable thick and hard
(6-12 weeks) Grower Mash 7 kg/bird Large, moist, Small, dry,
(16% CP) Vent
dilated puckered
Soft and thin Hard with thick
(12-20 weeks) Pullet 1.5 kg/bird Abdomen
skin, expanded skin, contracted
Developer Remains yellow
Mash (14.5% Bleached or
even after
CP) white after
Shank several months
Laying several months
in the laying
(20 weeks up to Laying mash 90-110 of production
pen
culling) (18% CP) grams/day
The culling process must be done carefully. The layers should
Light Management for Laying Flock be caught and handled gently during culling to avoid
excitement of other layers. Excitement may lead to a broken
Exposure to light can affect the sexual maturity of the
yolk or broken egg within the oviduct of the chicken. Culling
chickens. The reaction of growing egg-type chickens to light is
should be done after 3:00 p.m. when most of the layers have
similar to breeders.
already laid eggs.
In the tropics, most poultry houses are open-sided.
Chickens are exposed to the seasonal increases and decreases
in day length. In the Philippines, day length is highest on June
21 (13 h) and lowest on December 21 (11 h) In starting a
lighting program, it is essential that the natural day-length be
known to determine the amount of artificial light needed to be
supplemented.
After nineteen weeks of age, the breeder flock should
not be exposed anymore to a decreasing light pattern.
During the laying period, the amount of day-length should not
, Exercise 8 Blood Collection, Vaccination, and is done quickly so as to make it humane
and avoid agonizing pain;
Poultry Necropsy o the use of Carbon Dioxide Chamber →
in the Philippines, it is colloquially
❖ Blood Collection or Phlebotomy is an known as the tambucho method
important diagnostic tool for determining whereas chickens are confined in a
causes of morbidity and mortality in a poultry room and smoked until they die from
farm. It is also used for other research related suffocation; it is performed under
data. laboratory or clinical setting
o by injecting a euthanasia solution → it
❖ To do this; handle the chicken gently, collect
is performed under laboratory or
blood samples and gently take care not to o clinical setting as well; the solution is
damage the vein. Damage veins will result to typically made of a high dose of
hematoma. o barbiturates and injected into a vein or
❖ Vaccination is the production of active directly into the heart, and works
o quickly thereby, not putting the chicken
immunity in animals through the administration
in too much pain or suffering like the
of vaccines. It is an economical and the most o earlier methods.
effective means of preventing infectious
diseases of poultry particularly those that are - Importance of performing necropsy in chicken
resistant to disinfection and medication, e.g., flock
viral diseases. o A necropsy teaches you both normal
and abnormal chicken anatomy.
❖ Necropsy of dead or terminally ill bird is the o to mainly check for the exact cause of
key approach to disease diagnosis. death
o significantly helps the veterinarian and
°•. ✿ .•° poultry owner to obtain diagnostic
information
ฅ* LEARNING ACTIVITIES ฅ* o to acquire samples for further laboratory
testing, and to ensure quality control of a
- Describe the procedures of proper blood flock.
collection in chicken o provide more information regarding a
o It is important that those who bleed disease and diagnosis in times when
chickens use a quick and effective there is an increase in mortality or
technique. This will develop with morbidity, along with other issues such
practice and by applying the following
as drop in egg production, shell quality
advice.
problems, and alike
o Handle the chickens gently.
o Collect the blood samples quickly.
see ..\OneDrive\Desktop\TERM
o Take care not to damage the vein.
2\POULTRYLAB - Necropsy.pdf;
Damaged veins will result in
..\OneDrive\Desktop\TERM 2\POULTRYLAB - Necropsy
haematomas being formed.
in Layers.pdf
o Minimize the loss of blood. This
minimizes trauma to the chickens and - importance of proper disposal of waste materials
stress to their owners. The owners are (disposable syringe, empty vials of vaccine) and
then more likely to cooperate by dead poultry as an essential tool in Poultry
supplying chickens for the collection of health management.
blood samples in the future. o It is important to dispose properly a
dead poultry and the waste materials
- Give the reason of performing blood collection like disposable syringe and empty vials
o 1. To obtain serum which will be tested of vaccines because it might cause
for Newcastle disease virus antibodies, contamination of the place, livestock,
no anticoagulant is required and the inputs and foods. It can also provide
blood is allowed to clot. The levels of habitats and foods for pests if not
antibody detected in individual birds and disposed properly. It is also possible if a
flocks give an indication of the response dead poultry is not disposed properly to
to a vaccination. It also indicates spread its disease to livestock or to the
whether birds have been challenged by poultry housing areas. That is why we
field strains of Newcastle disease virus. should dispose waste materials and
o 2. To obtain red blood cells, the blood is dead poultry properly to protect our birds
collected into anticoagulant. The cells from any pests and diseases.
Exercise 7 Growing & Laying Management chicken’s life—at 5-10 days of age; if necessary, a
second beak trimming is performed at 10-14
❖ The growing stage covers the period weeks of age. Debeaking serves many important
functions, which is why it is highly advised to all
immediately after brooding up to ready-to-lay poultry owners. Among the reasons why
stage. During this period, there is a need to debeaking is performed during the growing stage
increase the space allowances per bird. Feeds of growing flock is to prevent or control
occurrences of cannibalism and feather picking.
provided during this period are the grower (six Other than that, debeaking is done to prevent
to twelve weeks) and the pullet developer injuries among chicks, as well as to prevent
injuries to owners and handlers from pecking or
(twelve to twenty weeks).
insubordination.
❖ Exposure to light can affect the sexual maturity
of the chickens. The cardinal rule is not to - Enumerate the important factors to be considered in
debeaking
increase the daylength exposure of the flock o Debeaking should be done during the cold hours
during the growing period. When exposed to of the day, preferably early morning, to minimize
excessive lighting, pullets will start to lay eggs at stress.
o Water soluble vitamins containing electrolytes
an early age. should be given to chicks 2 days before and 2
❖ The laying stage covers the period when the days after trimming so as to reduce stress, aid in
blood clotting, and prevent dehydration.
pullets start laying eggs until they have
o Unless deemed necessary, a second beak
completed one egg laying cycle. The length of trimming shall be done at 10-14 weeks of age.
this period depends on the strain of egg-type o Most importantly, debeaking must be performed by
a competent and trained personnel using proper
chickens raised and the kind of management equipment and procedures; otherwise, there may
provided. be excessive bleeding in the beak and the bird
❖ Space allowance- During the growing and laying may die due to complications and probable
starvation.
stages, birds should be given the appropriate - Calculate the total feed consumption(kgs) of 100 layers for
floor, feeding, and drinking space allowances. the month of January.
Comfortable chickens are able to move, eat,
and drink normally, grow normally, produce
more eggs than those kept under overcrowding
conditions
°•. ✿ .•°
- How many bags of pullet developer mash will you prepare
for 1000 Babcock Pullets (12-20 weeks) for a period of one
ฅ* LEARNING ACTIVITIES ฅ* week?
- Discuss the lighting management for growing
flock and the reason for not increasing the day
length exposure.
o Light affects the flock’s sexual maturity
o Do not increase the day-length exposure
→ stimulate chicken to stimulate very
early - How many growing chicken (3-8 weeks of age) could be
o Early maturity = small eggs, poor egg accommodated in a house measuring 10 meters wide and
15meters long? Show your complete solution.
production w/ short intervals
- Discuss the lighting program for laying hens and
the effect of decrease in light exposure.
o The recommended lighting program for
laying hens requires 1 hour increment until
20 weeks once day-length is increased.
- In a laying cage with dimension of 60 cms x 90 cms, how
Then, an additional 20-minute increment
many Hyline layers could be placed/housed? Show your
should follow from 20-21 weeks in order to
complete solution.
reach 15 hours of daylight at 22 weeks.
Furthermore, additional thirty-minute
increment is added every 2 weeks when egg
production falls below 1%, and then, 15
minutes the following weeks until a
maximum of 16 daylight hours is met.
During the hen’s laying period, the amount of
day-length in a recommended lighting
program should not be allowed to decrease.
,docx Growing & Laying Management
The cardinal rule is not to increase the day length
brooding stage (0-6 weeks) exposure of the flock during the growing period. In the tropics,
the difference between the day light and dark hours is
Broilers are grown for a period 35 to 42 days as relatively small as compared to temperate countries. When
the case maybe. exposed to excessive lighting or increasing day length, pullets
will start to lay eggs at an early age. In general, pullets laying
Layers are brooded for a period of 6 weeks.
eggs at an early age tend to lay small-sized eggs and have a
The duration of brooding depends on the rate
short production period.
of feathering and the season of the year. The
duration is shorter with fast-feathering chicks Beak Trimming
and during warm months of the year.
Beak trimming is the process of removing a portion of
Broilers the beak to prevent or control the outbreak of cannibalism.
This could be done as early as 5-10 days of age. It should be
Amount of done preferably during cold hours of the day to minimize
Stage of Growth Kind of Feed
Feed stress. Water soluble vitamin packs with electrolytes should be
Brooding Booster Mash given to the chicks 2 days before and 3 days after trimming to
Ad libitum
(0-2 weeks) (23% CP) help reduce stress, aid in blood clotting, and reduce
Starter dehydration. If necessary, a second beak trimming is done at
Starting
Mash/crumble Ad libitum 10-14 weeks of age.
(3-4 weeks)
(20% CP)
Growing/Finishing Finisher Ad libitum
(4 weeks to mash/crumble (ave. 3-3.5 Culling and Selection
market) (18.5% CP) kg/broiler)
Character Good Layer Poor Layer
Fully developed, Small, pale,
Comb, wattles,
Layers bright red, cold, shrunken,
earlobes
warm and waxy dry
Stage of Amount of Pubic bones (2 Spread apart, 2- Close together,
Kind of Feed
Growth Feed small bones 3 fingers can be only 1 finger
Brooding Chick Starter extending along placed between can be placed
3kg/bird
(0-6 weeks) Mash (20% CP) the sides of the them, thin and between them,
Growing vent) pliable thick and hard
(6-12 weeks) Grower Mash 7 kg/bird Large, moist, Small, dry,
(16% CP) Vent
dilated puckered
Soft and thin Hard with thick
(12-20 weeks) Pullet 1.5 kg/bird Abdomen
skin, expanded skin, contracted
Developer Remains yellow
Mash (14.5% Bleached or
even after
CP) white after
Shank several months
Laying several months
in the laying
(20 weeks up to Laying mash 90-110 of production
pen
culling) (18% CP) grams/day
The culling process must be done carefully. The layers should
Light Management for Laying Flock be caught and handled gently during culling to avoid
excitement of other layers. Excitement may lead to a broken
Exposure to light can affect the sexual maturity of the
yolk or broken egg within the oviduct of the chicken. Culling
chickens. The reaction of growing egg-type chickens to light is
should be done after 3:00 p.m. when most of the layers have
similar to breeders.
already laid eggs.
In the tropics, most poultry houses are open-sided.
Chickens are exposed to the seasonal increases and decreases
in day length. In the Philippines, day length is highest on June
21 (13 h) and lowest on December 21 (11 h) In starting a
lighting program, it is essential that the natural day-length be
known to determine the amount of artificial light needed to be
supplemented.
After nineteen weeks of age, the breeder flock should
not be exposed anymore to a decreasing light pattern.
During the laying period, the amount of day-length should not
, Exercise 8 Blood Collection, Vaccination, and is done quickly so as to make it humane
and avoid agonizing pain;
Poultry Necropsy o the use of Carbon Dioxide Chamber →
in the Philippines, it is colloquially
❖ Blood Collection or Phlebotomy is an known as the tambucho method
important diagnostic tool for determining whereas chickens are confined in a
causes of morbidity and mortality in a poultry room and smoked until they die from
farm. It is also used for other research related suffocation; it is performed under
data. laboratory or clinical setting
o by injecting a euthanasia solution → it
❖ To do this; handle the chicken gently, collect
is performed under laboratory or
blood samples and gently take care not to o clinical setting as well; the solution is
damage the vein. Damage veins will result to typically made of a high dose of
hematoma. o barbiturates and injected into a vein or
❖ Vaccination is the production of active directly into the heart, and works
o quickly thereby, not putting the chicken
immunity in animals through the administration
in too much pain or suffering like the
of vaccines. It is an economical and the most o earlier methods.
effective means of preventing infectious
diseases of poultry particularly those that are - Importance of performing necropsy in chicken
resistant to disinfection and medication, e.g., flock
viral diseases. o A necropsy teaches you both normal
and abnormal chicken anatomy.
❖ Necropsy of dead or terminally ill bird is the o to mainly check for the exact cause of
key approach to disease diagnosis. death
o significantly helps the veterinarian and
°•. ✿ .•° poultry owner to obtain diagnostic
information
ฅ* LEARNING ACTIVITIES ฅ* o to acquire samples for further laboratory
testing, and to ensure quality control of a
- Describe the procedures of proper blood flock.
collection in chicken o provide more information regarding a
o It is important that those who bleed disease and diagnosis in times when
chickens use a quick and effective there is an increase in mortality or
technique. This will develop with morbidity, along with other issues such
practice and by applying the following
as drop in egg production, shell quality
advice.
problems, and alike
o Handle the chickens gently.
o Collect the blood samples quickly.
see ..\OneDrive\Desktop\TERM
o Take care not to damage the vein.
2\POULTRYLAB - Necropsy.pdf;
Damaged veins will result in
..\OneDrive\Desktop\TERM 2\POULTRYLAB - Necropsy
haematomas being formed.
in Layers.pdf
o Minimize the loss of blood. This
minimizes trauma to the chickens and - importance of proper disposal of waste materials
stress to their owners. The owners are (disposable syringe, empty vials of vaccine) and
then more likely to cooperate by dead poultry as an essential tool in Poultry
supplying chickens for the collection of health management.
blood samples in the future. o It is important to dispose properly a
dead poultry and the waste materials
- Give the reason of performing blood collection like disposable syringe and empty vials
o 1. To obtain serum which will be tested of vaccines because it might cause
for Newcastle disease virus antibodies, contamination of the place, livestock,
no anticoagulant is required and the inputs and foods. It can also provide
blood is allowed to clot. The levels of habitats and foods for pests if not
antibody detected in individual birds and disposed properly. It is also possible if a
flocks give an indication of the response dead poultry is not disposed properly to
to a vaccination. It also indicates spread its disease to livestock or to the
whether birds have been challenged by poultry housing areas. That is why we
field strains of Newcastle disease virus. should dispose waste materials and
o 2. To obtain red blood cells, the blood is dead poultry properly to protect our birds
collected into anticoagulant. The cells from any pests and diseases.
