Animal Breeding & Genetics "
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# 2 MAIN GOALS OF ANIMAL BREEDING
Introduction to the Principles of Animal ² To find out through performance records
what we have genetically
Breeding & Genetics ² To raise the potential of productive efficiency
by making better combinations of genetic
ANIMAL BREEDING materials
è application of the principles of animal genetics with HISTORY OF ANIMAL BREEDING & GENETICS
the goal of improvement of animals
è study of genetic differences among animals « animal breeding started even before the
è aims to improve the quantity, efficiency, quality & domestication of animals was recorded
aesthetic value of farm animals & their products
TIMELINE OF ANIMAL DOMESTICATION
è *in the true sense: reproduction alone is not animal
breeding
ANIMAL GENETICS
è refers to the study of the principles of inheritance in
animals
3 MAIN AREAS OF THE STUDY & APPLICATION OF
ANIMAL GENETICS - Dogs were the first one to be domesticated
1. Mendelian Genetics ~50,000 yrs. ago (man’s best friend; theory – a
è little direct importance in animal docile wolf approached man)
improvement but it is the basis of the 2 - Farm Animals were the next ones to be
other areas domesticated (sheep, goat, pig+cow)
è refers to early studies on the behavior or - Poultry (chicken, turkey, duck) were only
mode of transmission of the units of domesticated in the latter years
heredity based of Gregor Mendel’s - Dog à Sheep à Goat à Pig & Cow à Cat à
experiment on the common garden pea Humped Cow à Llama à Horse à Alpaca à
(Laws of Particulate Inheritance) Camel (2-humped) à Chicken à Camel (1-
è used by William Bateson humped) à Turkey à Duck
2. Population Genetics * 10, 000 YA ||||| 5, 000 YA ||||| Present
è also known as statistical genetics NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THE HISTORY OF ANIMAL
è the basic foundation is the Hardy- BREEDING & GENETICS
Weinberg Law (1908) by Godfrey Harold
Hardy & Wilhelm Weinberg
è usually limited to the inheritance of o a British agriculturist who is
qualitative genetics generally considered to be
è studies why characteristics become the 1st pioneer of animal
fixed or continue to exhibit variation in breeding
natural populations o introduced selective
3. Biometrical Genetics breeding/artificial selection
è also known as quantitative genetics and inbreeding (raised some
è conceptually the most difficult of the 3 controversies – occurrence of
areas involving the inheritance of scrapie dss. In sheep)
measurements o laid the foundation for the 3
è based on hypothesis that many Robert Bakewell new breeds of animals
contribute to expression of traits such as (1725-1795) § Shire horse, Old
milk yield, growth rate & litter size Longhorn Cattle,
Leicester sheep
o Father of Animal Breeding
o “like begets like” – superior
parents were more likely to
produce superior progeny
, o suggested to “breed the best o also responsible in having
to the best” coined technical terms such
o Leicester Longwool – as
descended from Bakewell’s § heterozygotes,
Leicester sheep homozygotes,
allelomorph
o Father of Modern Scientific
Animal Breeding
o “like does not always begets
like”
o formulated the law of heredity
F argued that the progeny
as a results of his
of best parents may be
experiments w/ the common
inferior to some progeny
garden pea
of the worst parents
o his contributions to genetics Jay Lawrence because chance plays a
have been followed in both Lush part in the success of a
plant & animal breeding (1896-1982) particular mating
o Augustinian Abbey grounds
o suggested “breed the best to
where Mendel conducted his
the best & hope for the best”
research in Brno, Czech
Republic
Gregor Johann
Mendel
(1822-1884)
o introduced statistical methods
into the study of heredity
o can be considered the
Founder of Modern Science
Sir Francis of Biometrics
o independently rediscovered
Galton
the work of Mendel in the
(1822-1911)
1900s which then resulted to
the understanding &
acceptance of Mendel’s work
o De Vries & Correns
rediscovered the laws before o coined the term “gene” – to
reading Mendel’s paper refer to the particulate factor
de Vries, o *hallmark of science – that Mendel hypothesized as
Correns, repeatability/replicability – the basic unit of inheritance
Tschermak can be rediscovered o also coined the terms
Wilhelm “phenotype” and “genotype”
Johanssen
o studied the inheritance of (1857-1927)
certain characteristics of
chicken in 1901
o in 1902, he published his o working w/ the fruit fly
work on the inheritance of Drosophila melanogaster put
comb shape in hens & forward the linear theory of
hornedness & polledness in gene, explained the crossing
cattle over of a genetic basis and
o in 1906, he provided the produced the 1st
William Bateson Thomas Hunt
classical definition of genetics chromosome maps
(1861-1926) Morgan
as a field of study
(1866-1945)
, o her work to make clearer X-
ray patterns of DNA
o developed the chromosome molecules laid the foundation
theory of sex determination for Watson & Crick to suggest
o was part of Morgan’s fruit fly in 1953 that the structure of
experiments (a student of DNA is a double-helix
Morgan) polymer, a spiral consisting of
Calvin Bridges
2 DNA strands wound around
(1889-1938)
each other
Rosalind Franklin
(1920-1958)
o demonstrated that gene
o popular breeds of farm
mutations could be artificially
animals in the Philippines
induced in X-rays
developed at UPCA
Hermann Joseph (mutagenesis)
§ Philamin Cattle, Berkjala
Muller Pigs (Berkshire x Jala
(1890-1967) jala), Los Banos
Cantonese Chickens
o from Canton, China
Bienvenido Maria
o developed as a dual-purpose
Sioco Gonzales
o Mathematician who breed of chicken raised under
animal breeder
developed the biometrical Los Banos conditions –
(1853-1953)
approach to quantitative exported to China & US
inheritance o marked the 1st time that an
Sir Ronald
improved breed of livestock
Fischer
crossed the Pacific Ocean
(1890-1962)
from PH
o former president of UP,
decided to build UPD after
o produced the evidence of the UPM was destroyed in WW2
role of the nucleic acid DNA – vetmed used to be in UPD
as the carrier of genetic
information
Oswald Avery
(1877-1955) TIMELINE OF THE HISTORY OF ANIMAL BREEDING
& GENETICS
o produced their famous model
of molecular structure of DNA
o introduced the basic
James D. Watson
concepts of genetic code
& Francis Crick
(1916-2004)
o an English chemist & X-ray
crystallographer who
discovered the density of
DNA
o established that the molecule
existed in a helical
conformation
, SUMMARY Animal Breeding & Genetics "
(
'
&
%
$
#
• 1760 - Robert Bakewell - 'father of livestock Genetic Basis of Animal Differences
genetics'. Used line breeding and recording and
GENETICS
performance to compare animals.
• 1822 - Shorthorn herdbook (first pedigree herdbook è branch of biology that deals w/ the study of
heredity & variation
for cattle).
è comes from the ancient Greek γενετικός
• 1859 - Darwin's Origin of Species provides scientific (generative), w/c is then derived from γένεσις
background to livestock breeding. meaning “origin”
• 1865 - Mendel's laws of 'particulate inheritance' - è biology of heredity & variation that deals w/ the
foundation of modern genetics. way in which traits are passed on or transmitted
to their offsprings
• 1885 - US Holstein herdbook.
• 1892 - Cattle testing milk. HEREDITY
• 1899 - E.I. Ivanoff began conducting artificial
è comes from the French word hérédité meaning
insemination on cattle, horses, birds, and sheep.
“inheritance” or “legacy”
• 1918 - Infinitesimal model - (statistical; assumption è the transfer of the genetic material from the
by which many breeding values are now routinely parents to their offspring
estimated.). è made possible through the process of
• 1920s - onwards Livestock breeders built on Darwin reproduction
& Mendel's work by extension to 'artificially' selected 2 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
populations with 'quantitative' traits measured
1. Gametogenesis
rather than observed.
• 1940s - Artificial insemination in dairy from 1940s. è production of reproductive cells
• 1943 - Hazel selection index - combining multiple 2. Fertilization
traits of interest in an index such that animal
è process of the union of the sperm & the
breeders can select on a range of traits rather than a
egg to form a zygote
single trait.
• 1949 - Freezing of semen enabled wider uptake of AI BREEDING
in cattle.
è concerned w/ the proper selection & use of traits
• 1950s - Progeny testing of dairy bulls. Use of of the parents to produce offspring w/
'contemporary comparisons' - basis of current predictable & desirable traits for the
methods of predicting genetic merit. improvement of animals
• 1950 - Henderson Framework for estimating
GENES
breeding values using Best Linear Unbiased
Prediction (BLUP). è functional unit of inheritance consisting mostly of
• 1960s - application of ultrasound scanning DNA
techniques. DNA
• 1960s - Expanded to other species.
è a complex molecule that forms the genetic code
• 1970s - BLUP widely used.
for all living things
• 1971 - Restricted Maximum Livelihood (REML). Used
to estimate the variance components (genetic, CHROMOSOMES
phenotypic, residual) to set up BLUP.
è long strands of DNA and associated proteins
• 1980s - the potential of CT for use in animal present in the nucleus of every cell of an
production research was recognized in Norway. organism
• 1989 - Marker Assisted Selection. è comes in pairs—1 from the dam, 1 from the sire
• 2001 - Genomic Selection (GS) .
(
'
&
%
$
# 2 MAIN GOALS OF ANIMAL BREEDING
Introduction to the Principles of Animal ² To find out through performance records
what we have genetically
Breeding & Genetics ² To raise the potential of productive efficiency
by making better combinations of genetic
ANIMAL BREEDING materials
è application of the principles of animal genetics with HISTORY OF ANIMAL BREEDING & GENETICS
the goal of improvement of animals
è study of genetic differences among animals « animal breeding started even before the
è aims to improve the quantity, efficiency, quality & domestication of animals was recorded
aesthetic value of farm animals & their products
TIMELINE OF ANIMAL DOMESTICATION
è *in the true sense: reproduction alone is not animal
breeding
ANIMAL GENETICS
è refers to the study of the principles of inheritance in
animals
3 MAIN AREAS OF THE STUDY & APPLICATION OF
ANIMAL GENETICS - Dogs were the first one to be domesticated
1. Mendelian Genetics ~50,000 yrs. ago (man’s best friend; theory – a
è little direct importance in animal docile wolf approached man)
improvement but it is the basis of the 2 - Farm Animals were the next ones to be
other areas domesticated (sheep, goat, pig+cow)
è refers to early studies on the behavior or - Poultry (chicken, turkey, duck) were only
mode of transmission of the units of domesticated in the latter years
heredity based of Gregor Mendel’s - Dog à Sheep à Goat à Pig & Cow à Cat à
experiment on the common garden pea Humped Cow à Llama à Horse à Alpaca à
(Laws of Particulate Inheritance) Camel (2-humped) à Chicken à Camel (1-
è used by William Bateson humped) à Turkey à Duck
2. Population Genetics * 10, 000 YA ||||| 5, 000 YA ||||| Present
è also known as statistical genetics NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THE HISTORY OF ANIMAL
è the basic foundation is the Hardy- BREEDING & GENETICS
Weinberg Law (1908) by Godfrey Harold
Hardy & Wilhelm Weinberg
è usually limited to the inheritance of o a British agriculturist who is
qualitative genetics generally considered to be
è studies why characteristics become the 1st pioneer of animal
fixed or continue to exhibit variation in breeding
natural populations o introduced selective
3. Biometrical Genetics breeding/artificial selection
è also known as quantitative genetics and inbreeding (raised some
è conceptually the most difficult of the 3 controversies – occurrence of
areas involving the inheritance of scrapie dss. In sheep)
measurements o laid the foundation for the 3
è based on hypothesis that many Robert Bakewell new breeds of animals
contribute to expression of traits such as (1725-1795) § Shire horse, Old
milk yield, growth rate & litter size Longhorn Cattle,
Leicester sheep
o Father of Animal Breeding
o “like begets like” – superior
parents were more likely to
produce superior progeny
, o suggested to “breed the best o also responsible in having
to the best” coined technical terms such
o Leicester Longwool – as
descended from Bakewell’s § heterozygotes,
Leicester sheep homozygotes,
allelomorph
o Father of Modern Scientific
Animal Breeding
o “like does not always begets
like”
o formulated the law of heredity
F argued that the progeny
as a results of his
of best parents may be
experiments w/ the common
inferior to some progeny
garden pea
of the worst parents
o his contributions to genetics Jay Lawrence because chance plays a
have been followed in both Lush part in the success of a
plant & animal breeding (1896-1982) particular mating
o Augustinian Abbey grounds
o suggested “breed the best to
where Mendel conducted his
the best & hope for the best”
research in Brno, Czech
Republic
Gregor Johann
Mendel
(1822-1884)
o introduced statistical methods
into the study of heredity
o can be considered the
Founder of Modern Science
Sir Francis of Biometrics
o independently rediscovered
Galton
the work of Mendel in the
(1822-1911)
1900s which then resulted to
the understanding &
acceptance of Mendel’s work
o De Vries & Correns
rediscovered the laws before o coined the term “gene” – to
reading Mendel’s paper refer to the particulate factor
de Vries, o *hallmark of science – that Mendel hypothesized as
Correns, repeatability/replicability – the basic unit of inheritance
Tschermak can be rediscovered o also coined the terms
Wilhelm “phenotype” and “genotype”
Johanssen
o studied the inheritance of (1857-1927)
certain characteristics of
chicken in 1901
o in 1902, he published his o working w/ the fruit fly
work on the inheritance of Drosophila melanogaster put
comb shape in hens & forward the linear theory of
hornedness & polledness in gene, explained the crossing
cattle over of a genetic basis and
o in 1906, he provided the produced the 1st
William Bateson Thomas Hunt
classical definition of genetics chromosome maps
(1861-1926) Morgan
as a field of study
(1866-1945)
, o her work to make clearer X-
ray patterns of DNA
o developed the chromosome molecules laid the foundation
theory of sex determination for Watson & Crick to suggest
o was part of Morgan’s fruit fly in 1953 that the structure of
experiments (a student of DNA is a double-helix
Morgan) polymer, a spiral consisting of
Calvin Bridges
2 DNA strands wound around
(1889-1938)
each other
Rosalind Franklin
(1920-1958)
o demonstrated that gene
o popular breeds of farm
mutations could be artificially
animals in the Philippines
induced in X-rays
developed at UPCA
Hermann Joseph (mutagenesis)
§ Philamin Cattle, Berkjala
Muller Pigs (Berkshire x Jala
(1890-1967) jala), Los Banos
Cantonese Chickens
o from Canton, China
Bienvenido Maria
o developed as a dual-purpose
Sioco Gonzales
o Mathematician who breed of chicken raised under
animal breeder
developed the biometrical Los Banos conditions –
(1853-1953)
approach to quantitative exported to China & US
inheritance o marked the 1st time that an
Sir Ronald
improved breed of livestock
Fischer
crossed the Pacific Ocean
(1890-1962)
from PH
o former president of UP,
decided to build UPD after
o produced the evidence of the UPM was destroyed in WW2
role of the nucleic acid DNA – vetmed used to be in UPD
as the carrier of genetic
information
Oswald Avery
(1877-1955) TIMELINE OF THE HISTORY OF ANIMAL BREEDING
& GENETICS
o produced their famous model
of molecular structure of DNA
o introduced the basic
James D. Watson
concepts of genetic code
& Francis Crick
(1916-2004)
o an English chemist & X-ray
crystallographer who
discovered the density of
DNA
o established that the molecule
existed in a helical
conformation
, SUMMARY Animal Breeding & Genetics "
(
'
&
%
$
#
• 1760 - Robert Bakewell - 'father of livestock Genetic Basis of Animal Differences
genetics'. Used line breeding and recording and
GENETICS
performance to compare animals.
• 1822 - Shorthorn herdbook (first pedigree herdbook è branch of biology that deals w/ the study of
heredity & variation
for cattle).
è comes from the ancient Greek γενετικός
• 1859 - Darwin's Origin of Species provides scientific (generative), w/c is then derived from γένεσις
background to livestock breeding. meaning “origin”
• 1865 - Mendel's laws of 'particulate inheritance' - è biology of heredity & variation that deals w/ the
foundation of modern genetics. way in which traits are passed on or transmitted
to their offsprings
• 1885 - US Holstein herdbook.
• 1892 - Cattle testing milk. HEREDITY
• 1899 - E.I. Ivanoff began conducting artificial
è comes from the French word hérédité meaning
insemination on cattle, horses, birds, and sheep.
“inheritance” or “legacy”
• 1918 - Infinitesimal model - (statistical; assumption è the transfer of the genetic material from the
by which many breeding values are now routinely parents to their offspring
estimated.). è made possible through the process of
• 1920s - onwards Livestock breeders built on Darwin reproduction
& Mendel's work by extension to 'artificially' selected 2 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
populations with 'quantitative' traits measured
1. Gametogenesis
rather than observed.
• 1940s - Artificial insemination in dairy from 1940s. è production of reproductive cells
• 1943 - Hazel selection index - combining multiple 2. Fertilization
traits of interest in an index such that animal
è process of the union of the sperm & the
breeders can select on a range of traits rather than a
egg to form a zygote
single trait.
• 1949 - Freezing of semen enabled wider uptake of AI BREEDING
in cattle.
è concerned w/ the proper selection & use of traits
• 1950s - Progeny testing of dairy bulls. Use of of the parents to produce offspring w/
'contemporary comparisons' - basis of current predictable & desirable traits for the
methods of predicting genetic merit. improvement of animals
• 1950 - Henderson Framework for estimating
GENES
breeding values using Best Linear Unbiased
Prediction (BLUP). è functional unit of inheritance consisting mostly of
• 1960s - application of ultrasound scanning DNA
techniques. DNA
• 1960s - Expanded to other species.
è a complex molecule that forms the genetic code
• 1970s - BLUP widely used.
for all living things
• 1971 - Restricted Maximum Livelihood (REML). Used
to estimate the variance components (genetic, CHROMOSOMES
phenotypic, residual) to set up BLUP.
è long strands of DNA and associated proteins
• 1980s - the potential of CT for use in animal present in the nucleus of every cell of an
production research was recognized in Norway. organism
• 1989 - Marker Assisted Selection. è comes in pairs—1 from the dam, 1 from the sire
• 2001 - Genomic Selection (GS) .
