STRAIGHTERLINE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY PSY 101 GRADED MIDTERM EXAM - MARCH 2022

Page path • PSY101_MH_V4 • Topic 8: Intelligence and Reason Started on Wednesday, March 2, 2022, 9:25 AM State Finished Completed on Wednesday, March 2, 2022, 10:15 AM Time taken 50 mins 38 secs Grade 190.00 out of 200.00 (95%) Question 1 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text In the country of Calibria, men prefer to date women with wide hips because they believe that these women are able to reproduce better. This scenario most likely illustrates the ________ to psychology. Select one: a. evolutionary approach b. biological approach c. humanistic approach d. cognitive approach Question 2 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text The ________ approach emphasizes the scientific study of observable actions and/or responses and their environmental determinants. Select one: a. environmental b. psychodynamic c. observational d. behavioral Question 3 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text After careful observation, Dylan has stated a hypothesis that spending money on other people leads to greater happiness than spending money on oneself. In accordance with the scientific method, which of the following steps is Dylan most likely to take next? Select one: a. He will evaluate the results of his experiment. b. He will test the prediction by conducting empirical research. c. He will conclude whether spending money on others can be a strong predictor of happiness. d. He will publish the experimental results in a reputable journal. Question 4 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text A(n) ________ is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations. Select one: a. theory b. hypothesis c. operational definition d. experimental bias Question 5 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Dr. Simpson found a +.50 correlation between ice cream cone sales and violent crimes in a community. Which of the following represents the best interpretation of this result? Select one: a. Ice cream causes people to become more violent and aggressive. b. A third variable, such as heat, may account for the association between ice cream sales and violent crime. c. Violent people like ice cream more than nonviolent people. d. Ice cream consumption is not related to violent crime. Question 6 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Andrea, a psychologist, conducts a study to determine the effect of students' ages on their college grades. She divides a class into two groups: Below Age and Above Age. Members of the Below Age group are less than 18 years of age, whereas members of the Above Age group are 18 years of age or above. In this scenario, which of the following illustrates the dependent variable? Select one: a. members of the Below Age group b. members of the Above Age group c. college grades d. ages of the students Question 7 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Emma, a psychologist, wants to study the relationship that exists among college girls who stay in hostels. She disguises herself as a college student and shares a dorm with some girls for a month. During her stay, she observes their various behaviors and makes notes when the girls are fast asleep. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario? Select one: a. the placebo effect b. experimenter bias c. a double-blind experiment d. naturalistic observation Question 8 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text ________ is defined as a special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time. Select one: a. A longitudinal design b. A double-blind experiment c. Naturalistic observation d. Structuralism Question 9 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Olivia, a research student, wants to determine the effect of alcoholism on domestic violence as part of her thesis paper. She realizes that informing the participants of her study about its exact nature will affect the results. The participants are likely to feel ashamed of openly discussing such sensitive issues. In this scenario, which of the following would be the best approach for Olivia? Select one: a. requesting her family members and friends to participate in the study b. obtaining informed consent from the participants c. debriefing her participants after the study's completion d. changing the topic for her thesis Question 10 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text According to the principle of ________, researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and, when possible, completely anonymous. Select one: a. deception b. informed consent c. confidentiality d. freedom from harm Question 11 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following statements about critical thinking is FALSE? Select one: a. Critical thinking is the process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. b. Critical thinking comes into play when scientists consider the conclusions they draw from research. c. Critical thinking increases the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs, opinions, and motions. d. Critical thinkers question and test what some people say are facts. Question 12 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is a function of the myelin sheath? Select one: a. carry information away from the cell body toward other cells b. increase the surface area of nerve cells c. speed up the transmission of nerve impulses d. play a role in imitation Question 13 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text ________ are chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the neuron's terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron. Select one: a. Neurotransmitters b. Neural impulses c. Synapses d. Dendrites Question 14 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text The brain and spinal cord make up the Select one: a. peripheral nervous system. b. central nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. d. somatic nervous system. Question 15 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is one of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system? Select one: a. convey information from skin to the central nervous system (CNS) b. calm the body c. fight-or-flight reaction d. tell muscles what to do Question 16 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following organs are involved in men's and women's sexual development and reproduction? Select one: a. testes and ovaries b. adrenal glands c. pituitary glands d. pancreas Question 17 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text ________ inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but it excites the heart muscle, intestines, and urogenital tract. Select one: a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Norepinephrine d. GABA Question 18 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called Select one: a. chromosomes. b. ergosomes. c. ribosomes. d. polysomes. Question 19 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text ________ is a genetic method in which organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display. Select one: a. Selective breeding b. Experimental evolution c. Polymorphism d. Natural selection Question 20 Incorrect 0.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text In the context of the auditory system, frequency theory states that Select one: a. the vibrations in the ear produced by auditory stimuli travel in one direction—from the tip of the cochlea to the oval window. b. each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane of the inner ear. c. the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires. d. a cluster of nerve cells in the inner ear can fire neural impulses in rapid succession. Question 21 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text If we see a German shepherd standing 30 feet away from us, we recognize that it is just as big as it was when it was much closer to us. This is primarily due to Select one: a. size constancy. b. shape constancy. c. proximity. d. figure-ground. Question 22 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following explains the ability of an animal to distinguish among sight, sound, odor, taste, and touch? Select one: a. Sensory neurons (unlike all neurons) do not follow the all-or-nothing principle. b. The senses undergo a process known as synaesthesia that describes an experience in which one sense induces an experience in the same sense. c. Sensory receptors are selective and have different neural pathways. d. The receptor holds the frequency of action potentials sent to the brain. Question 23 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text As Carlton is just about to fall asleep, he experiences an overwhelming feeling of wellness and a sense that everything is going to work out. This state of mind is referred to as Select one: a. high consciousness. b. hypnagogic reverie. c. self-actualization. d. activation-synthesis. Question 24 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text ________, such as Nembutal and Seconal, are depressant drugs that decrease central nervous system activity. Select one: a. Barbiturates b. Amphetamines c. Hallucinogens d. Stimulants Question 25 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text ________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. Select one: a. Generalization b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Latent learning Question 26 Incorrect 0.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Andrea is the mother of Leo, a six-month-old child. She wants to introduce vegetables in Leo's diet. As Leo is used to having lentil soup as his evening snack, Andrea prepares lentil soup with vegetables in it and makes Leo taste it. He does not like the taste of the soup and refuses to have it. After that day, he refuses to have even plain lentil soup. In this scenario, which of the following acts as the conditioned stimulus? Select one: a. Andrea b. Leo c. the vegetables d. the soup Question 27 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning? Select one: a. judging whether to repeat a behavior depending on the consequences of the behavior b. encoding the information and keeping it in memory so that it can be retrieved later c. imitating and enacting a model's actions to achieve similarity in reproduction of the set of behaviors initially observed d. attending to what the model is saying or doing Question 28 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is true of observational learning? Select one: a. It focuses on automatic, involuntary behaviors. b. It often takes less time than operant conditioning. c. It was first conceptualized by Ivan Pavlov. d. It usually begins with reinforcement and ends with extinction. Question 29 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text In the context of psychological constraints, which of the following statements is true about a fixed mindset? Select one: a. People believe in learning rather than scoring well. b. To individuals with a fixed mindset, failure indicates what they still need to learn. c. People believe that their qualities can change and improve through their effort. d. For individuals with a fixed mindset, failure means lack of ability. Question 30 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text In the context of memory retrieval, the ________ states that information present at the time of encrypting or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue. Select one: a. encoding specificity principle b. Atkinson-Shiffrin theory c. interference theory d. serial position effect Question 31 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following is the main reason that hampers the use of rehearsal as a tool for retaining information over a long period of time? Select one: a. It involves the unconscious repetition of information. b. It can only be used to store verbal information for half a minute or less. c. It always results in distortion of memories. d. It involves mechanically repeating information, without imparting meaning to it. Question 32 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following scenarios best illustrates multitasking? Select one: a. James surfing the Web and texting while doing his homework b. Lewis drawing a portrait using watercolors c. Emma playing her guitar while looking at the fret board d. Logan writing down his academic goals for the current semester Question 33 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following statements is true of babbling? Select one: a. It usually begins when babies are 18–24 months old. b. It is unlikely to be determined by biological readiness. c. It refers to the endless repetition of sounds and syllables. d. It is determined by the amount of reinforcement or the ability to hear. Question 34 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text According to American linguist Noam Chomsky, identify a true statement about language universals. Select one: a. Children learn language without an awareness of its underlying logic. b. Children are highly affected by the language input they receive from their environments. c. Children learn the full rules and structure of languages by only imitating what they hear. d. Children all over the world reach language milestones at different times and in varying orders. Question 35 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text ________ refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events. Select one: a. Confirmation bias b. The availability heuristic c. The representativeness heuristic d. Hindsight bias Question 36 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences, a psychiatrist is most likely to score high on Select one: a. mathematical intelligence. b. spatial intelligence. c. interpersonal intelligence. d. musical intelligence. Question 37 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text An analogy is sometimes drawn between human cognition and the way computers work. The physical brain is analogous to a computer's ________, and cognition is analogous to a computer's ________. Select one: a. hardware; software b. software; hardware c. hardware; hard drive d. software; random-access memory (RAM) Question 38 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text In the context of loss aversion, which of the following statements is true of the endowment effect? Select one: a. People ascribe greater value to things they already own, compared to objects owned by someone else. b. People tend to make more losses than gains when making investments based on the suggestions of their peers. c. People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. d. People tend to report falsely, after the fact, that they accurately predicted an outcome. Question 39 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following statements is true of convergent thinking? Select one: a. It is best when a problem has only one right answer. b. It occurs during brainstorming. c. It produces many solutions to the same problem. d. It is usually avoided by creative people. Question 40 Correct 5.00 points out of 5.00 Flag question Question text Standardization Select one: a. refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure. b. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. c. is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance. d. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test.