PYC1501 - Basic Psychology EXAM PACK (LATEST).

PYC1501 - Basic Psychology EXAM PACK (LATEST).PYC1501 (RPY1501) EXAM PREPARATION – Assignments and Exams This document is an easy to read compilation of past UNISA Assignment and Exam Questions and Answers Answers are motivated by a combination of: • Page references to the prescribed textbook • Short summaries and/or content regarding the relevant topic(s) in question. (Incorrect options are also marked where applicable, in order to identify and disregard red-herring alternatives) Assignments covered are: • Assignment 01 for Semester 1 2015 • Assignment 02 for Semester 1 2015 • Assignment 01 for Semester 2 2015 • Assignment 02 for Semester 2 2015 • Assignment 01 for Semester 1 2016 • Assignment 02 for Semester 1 2016 • Assignment 01 for Semester 2 2016 • Assignment 02 for Semester 2 2016 • Assignment 01 for Semester 1 2018 • Assignment 02 for Semester 1 2018 • Assignment 01 for Semester 2 2018 • Assignment 02 for Semester 2 2018 • Assignment 92 (Self-test) Exams covered are: • May-June 2011 • October-November 2011 • May-June 2012 • October-November 2012 • May-June 2013 • October-November 2013 • May-June 2014 • October-November 2014 • May-June 2015 • October-November 2015 • May-June 2016 • October-November 2016 • May-June 2017 • October-November 2017 Please note: This document is an additional tool for exam preparation. The Stuvia-user that compiled and uploaded this document takes no responsibility for incorrect answers. Students must ensure that they study the prescribed material and understand the content. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 2 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Semester 1 - 2015: Assignment 01 (Unique number ) Question 1 The tutor for the first-year psychology group is dealing with the topic of impulse conduction in the human nervous system. After the group discussion, the tutor asks the students the following questions to test their knowledge of the study material. The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information signals from other neurons is called ___. 1. Myelin sheath 2. boutons 3. dendrites 4. soma Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 88 Reasoning: The soma receives messages from other neurons through its dendrites. Question 2 The part of the neuron that facilitates synaptic transmission of a signal to another neuron is called ___. 1. dendrites 2. boutons 3. axon 4. myelin sheath Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 90 Reasoning: The bouton vesicles of the telondendron release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Question 3 The electrical charge resulting from the difference between the positive and negative ions outside and inside the cell membrane is called ___. 1. the action potential 2. a threshold 3. the resting membrane potential 4. the refractory period Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 67 Reasoning: The resting membrane potential is an electrical charge brought about by the difference between the positive and negative ions inside and outside the neuron. This is also called a condition of readiness. Question 4 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 3 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Which of the following statement(s) about the neuron, based on the diagram is (are) correct? 1. In accordance with all-or-nothing-law, neurons A, B, C and D will conduct an impulse at exactly the same speed, or not at all 2. In comparison with neurons A, C and D, neuron B can conduct impulses at the highest speed and amplitude 3. In comparison with neurons A, B and C, neuron D will conduct impulses at the highest frequency 4. 1 and 3 Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 70 Reasoning: Although the strength and speed of an impulse is constant in a particular neuron, it can vary with nerve fibres of different thickness. The larger the nerve fibre (the greater the diameter or width), the stronger the impulse and the faster it is conducted. Question 5 In the myelinated neuron, the myelin sheaths are separated by a small gap called (an) ___ that facilitates the neural impulse to jump from one point to another. 1. threshold 2. axon 3. synaptic cleft 4. nodes of Ranvier Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 89 Reasoning: The gaps (approximately 1 micrometer wide) formed between myelin sheath cells along the axons are called Nodes of Ranvier. Since fat serves as a good insulator, the myelin sheaths speed the rate of transmission of an electrical impulse along the axon. Question 6 Low serotonin levels are associated with ___ just as dopamine deficiency is associated with Parkinson’s disease. 1. seasonal depression 2. muscle spasm 3. suppression of pain S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology 4. mania Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 75 Reasoning: Insufficiency of dopamine in the brain contributes to Parkinson’s disease; Low serotonin levels is associated with seasonal depression. Question 7 Some students in your group are still confused and request the tutor to provide a different kind of presentation of the nervous system that would make matters clearer. You think that the information can best be represented in ___. A. a flow chart, showing how the different structures are related B. a flow chart, illustrating the process of how the brain works C. an expandable tree structure, indicating the hierarchical nature of the nervous system D. an expandable tree structure, because different branches can be expanded when more detail is required E. a flow chart, because detailed information can be presented at the outset F. an expandable tree structure, because complex information cannot be represented in a flow chart 1. A, B and C 2. C, D and F 3. A and E 4. C and D Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 118 Reasoning: Note that option 1 is incorrect by default – as A and B refers to a flow chart while C refers to an expandable tree structure. A flowchart is used when the aim is to represent or model complicated situations, especially when one wants to represent more than one view of a situation. Therefore, statement F is factually false and eliminated, thus eliminating option 2. Option 3 is eliminated; while a flow chart can present detailed information – this is not presented at the outset. Question 8 Which of the following illustrates the correct sequence of events in the process of synaptic transmission? 1. Nerve impulse stimulates boutons, neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft, vesicles attach to presynaptic membrane 2. Nerve impulse stimulates boutons, transmitter deactivated by boutons, electrical changes in receiving cell 3. Nerve impulse stimulates boutons, vesicles attach to membrane, neurotransmitters released and attach to receptors on postsynaptic membrane 4. Nerve impulse stimulates boutons, neurotransmitters attach to receptors, neurotransmitters cross synaptic cleft S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 5 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Tutorial Letter 201/1/2018 Reasoning: This is another question that requires an understanding of the impulse transmission. Option 3 provides the correct sequence of events in the process of synaptic transmission of an impulse. Option 1 is incorrect because the vesicles attach to the pre-synaptic membrane before the neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the synaptic cleft. If a neurotransmitter is deactivated by the boutons, there will be no electrical change in the receiving neuron and therefore option 2 is incorrect. Option 4 is also incorrect because neurotransmitters have to cross the synaptic cleft first before they can attach to the receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. Question 9 The function of this lobe allows you to recognise elements of an object in the visual field and integrate them into a meaningful whole. 1. Frontal lobe 2. Temporal lobe 3. Parietal lobe 4. Occipital lobe Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pp. 79-80 Reasoning: The frontal lobe (option 1) is responsible for motor movement, including the production of speech. This option is therefore eliminated. The temporal lobe (option 2) is responsible for the perception of sound and to understand spoken words. This option is therefore eliminated. The parietal lobe (option 3) is responsible for somatosensory perception, i.e. touch, temperature, pressure and pain. This option is therefore eliminated. The occipital lobe (option 4) is responsible for the perception of vision. This is the correct option. Question 10 The tutor asks the students on the group site what determines whether a neurotransmitter will have an inhibitory or excitatory effect on the synaptic process. One student answers that it depends on the nature of the neurotransmitter. This statement ___. 1. does not provide the correct answer because it is too vague 2. is correct because the effect depends on the quantity of the neurotransmitter in relation to the enzyme that destroys it. 3. is partially correct, because other factors also play a role 4. is incorrect because the effect depends on the ratio of inhibitory to excitatory neurotransmitters in a specific synapse Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pp. 73-74 Reasoning: Whether a neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect depends on: • the nature of the neurotransmitter • the place where it acts S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 6 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology • the quantity of the neurotransmitter in relation to the enzyme that destroys it • the amount of inhibitory neurotransmitters in relation to the amount of excitatory neurotransmitters at a particular synapse. Question 11 The main function of this structure is to distribute motor fibres to the muscles and to convey somatosensory information to the brain. It can work independently of the brain as a result of reflexive control circuits. This is a description of the ___. 1. spinal cord 2. thalamus 3. somatic nervous system 4. cerebellum Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 77 Reasoning: The spinal cord has motor and sensory roots. It carries information to and from the body and it produces reflexes. Question 12 James got hold of some drugs at school and decided to use them. After few minutes of taking drugs, James entered a dreamlike state and started to experience distorted sensory experiences and imaginary visions and realities. What type of drugs induce this kind of mental state? 1. Inhalants 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens 4. Depressants Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 328 Reasoning: Hallucinogens are drugs that bring about distorted sensory experiences. People who use them have intense sensory experiences and can enter a dreamlike state. Question 13 John experienced a sudden collapse. He was awake when his friend, James called him but John could not move. John is suffering from a sleep disorder called ___. 1. catalepsy 2. insomnia 3. sleep apnoea 4. narcolepsy Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: Tutorial Letter 201/1/2018 Reasoning: • Knowing the characteristics of each type of sleep disorder will help you answer this question. A sleep disorder that is characterised by a sudden S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 7 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology collapse, whereby a person is awake but is unable to move is called catalepsy (option 1). Insomnia is characterised by an inability to fall asleep (option 2). Sleep apnoea is marked by a condition of waking up mostly at night, gasping for breath and then going back to sleep (option 3) Narcolepsy is characterised by an overwhelming need to sleep that usually lasts for a few minutes (option 4). Question 14 A youth group leader is concerned about the increasing problem of drug abuse in the community. He wants to organise a workshop for his youth group to provide information about drugs in the hope that this will reduce the incidence of drug abuse. He asks you to give a presentation on drugs and their effects on behaviour. 1. The area of interest is the effect of drugs on behaviour 2. The aim of the presentation is to prevent drug abuse 3. The target audience is young people in the community 4. All of the above Answer: The correct answer is 4 Question 15 A strong smell may seem less intense as time passes by. This is because receptor cells get tired of firing in response to continuous presentation of a stimulus. This process is called ___. 1. habituation 2. sensory adaptation 3. transduction 4. sensation Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 297 Reasoning: Adaptation is the decrease of generator potential to prevent overstimulation. Adaptation occurs in the receptor cells and is different from habituation, which is a decrease in the frequency of firing in neurons. Question 16 The tutor asks the class to identify the principle behind the following description: “A process of perceptual organisation that refers to our tendency to group elements in a way that creates a balanced figure refers to the principle of ___.” 1. symmetry 2. contour 3. continuity 4. similarity Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: Tutorial Letter 201/1/2018 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 8 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Reasoning: The principle of symmetry (option 1) is correct because it refers to the tendency of grouping elements in a way that creates a balanced figure. Question 17 The system that provides people with information about their movements and orientation in space is called ___. 1. chemical system 2. visual system 3. proprioceptive system 4. somaesthetic system Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Tutorial Letter 201/1/2018 Reasoning: Successful adaptation to our environment is made possible by a number of different bodily systems. The proprioceptive system provides people with information about their movements and orientation in space. Therefore, option 3 is correct. Option 4 is incorrect because somaesthetic system has to do with sensations in the body, such a touch, pain and temperature. It is the chemical system that helps us to differentiate various smells in our environment. Therefore, option 1 is incorrect. Question 18 When you are talking to someone at a party, you are able to focus on the voice of that person and screen out the background noise. This is an example of which law of perceptual organisation? 1. Closure 2. figure and ground 3. proximity 4. grouping Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 299 Reasoning: When we perceive visual information, we often organise it into a meaningful figure (relevant information) against a less meaningful ground (irrelevant or less relevant information) without being aware of doing so. Question 19 Which one of the following statements refers to the orienting reaction? 1. The orienting reaction follows a sudden change in environmental stimulation 2. The orienting reaction occurs when a stimulus is recognized and given meaning 3. Habituation refers to the re-appearance of the orienting reaction 4. Transduction enables the rapid processing orienting reaction Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 297 Reasoning: The OR is a state of arousal that follows any sudden change in environmental stimulation. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 9 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Question 20 Which of the following statements about attention is true? 1. Attention is an automatic process that takes place below the awareness level 2. People cannot pay attention to more than one thing at a time 3. There are external and internal determinants of attention 4. Parallel processing is easier when two or more tasks require an individual to pay close attention Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 304 Reasoning: When you pay attention, you consciously decide what should be dealt with. Paying attention is a form of conscious control over what is being perceived. Therefore option 1 is incorrect. People have a limited capacity for attending to more than one thing at a time, therefore option 2 is incorrect. Parallel processing (simultaneous processing of two different sets of information) is easier when the tasks to be dealt with are similar, when you’ve had considerable training for them or when both tasks do not require much attention. Therefore option 4 is incorrect. Question 21 Which of the following statements is (are) example(s) of inductive reasoning? 1. On the basis of high humidity, James states that it could rain later tonight 2. After making some observations at the crime scene, Detective Sherlock Holmes formed a theory about who might have committed the crime 3. If Emily studies very hard, she will pass her psychology exam 4. 1 and 2 Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 6 Reasoning: Inductive reasoning uses available evidence to generate a conclusion about the likelihood of something. Question 22 While reading through some material, James comes across the following syllogism: “All angels are immortal. Gabriel is an angel. Therefore, Gabriel is immortal.” The above statement is an example of ___ reasoning. 1. inductive 2. critical 3. deductive 4. analogical S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 10 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 6 Reasoning: Deductive reasoning refers to the process of drawing a conclusion that follows logically from two or more statements or premises. Question 23 When John came back from a party in the middle of the night, he found that the electricity was off in the house and it was raining heavily. So, he struggled to open the door with the key since it was dark in the doorway. Frustrated, John decided to try one by one, only the keys that could possibly open the door and eventually managed to open it. In this case, John used ___ to open the door. 1. heuristic strategy 2. trial and error strategy 3. insight 4. inductive reasoning Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: Tutorial Letter 201/1/2018 Reasoning: People use a variety of methods to solve a particular problem. The trial-and-error strategy involves trying out all the keys to open the door until the correct one is found. Inductive reasoning does not apply here since it deals with generating a conclusion about the probability of something happening. Therefore, option 4 is incorrect. Option 3 is incorrect because insight relates to the comparison of new solutions with old ones to solve a particular problem. Option 1 refers to the heuristic strategy; this option is incorrect because in this case the heuristic strategy would apply if John selected only the keys that are more likely to open the door. Question 24 Your tutor asks your group to explain how informal reasoning differs from formal reasoning. One student answers: “formal reasoning is logical whereas informal reasoning is illogical.” This answer is ___. 1. correct, because formal reasoning is based on premises and conclusions 2. correct, because formal reasoning is based on inductive and deductive reasoning 3. partially correct, because the difference lies in the topic under discussion 4. incorrect, the difference is that premises and conclusions are explicitly stated in formal reasoning but usually not so in informal reasoning Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: Tutorial Letter 201/1/2018 Reasoning: The statement that “formal reasoning is logical whereas informal reasoning is illogical” is incorrect. As a result, option 1 is incorrect because informal reasoning because informal reasoning is also logical. Option 2 is incorrect because both formal and informal reasoning are based on the premises and the conclusions. Option 3 is also incorrect because both formal and informal reasoning may be inductive and/or deductive in nature. Option 4 is the correct option because premises and conclusions are explicitly stated in formal reasoning, which is not the case with informal reasoning. S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 11 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Question 25 Difficulties often arise when a person assesses a problem from one point of view only and does not look at alternatives. This is an example of ___. 1. restricted thinking 2. an emotional barrier to problem solving 3. a perceptual barrier to problem solving 4. 1 and 3 Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pp. 3-4 Reasoning: Emotional barrier refers to the fact that sometimes we are unable to solve problems because of our emotions getting in the way of thinking clearly, i.e. the fear of being embarrassed. Therefore option 2 is incorrect. Perceptual barrier refers to the fact that we sometimes see only one aspect of a problem and ignore others. This is an example of restricted thinking – therefore option 4 is the correct answer. Semester 1 - 2015: Assignment 02 (Unique number ) Question 1 As a Psychology student, you are asked to explain to the mother why her daughter is having difficulties at school while her friend who lives in the same community, is not. Your explanation is based on the finding that children who are least likely to obtain similar scores on an intelligence test are children who have ___. 1. the same genetic composition and are raised in similar environments 2. different genetic compositions and are raised in the same environment 3. the same genetic composition and are raised in different environments 4. different genetic compositions and are raised in different environments Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/1/2018 Reasoning: The “nature versus nurture” debate highlights that people who are raised in a similar environment tend to obtain similar scores in intelligence tests. This is because they are exposed to the same stimuli. However, people who are raised in different environments tend to obtain different scores because they are exposed to different forms of stimuli. Heredity is also believed to make a major contribution to intelligence. People who are closely related in terms of genetics were also shown to obtain similar scores, for example identical and fraternal twins. They have the same genes, look alike and are the same gender. Similar to other siblings, fraternal twins share 50% of their genes and can be of different gender. As a result, test scores of identical twins were shown to be more similar as compared to those of fraternal twins. Option 4 is therefore the correct answer. Question 2 Mrs Roberts is worried because her creative son, James, has been performing poorly at school. The school principal suggests that James should take an intelligence test to determine his IQ level. Which S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 12 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology of the following is a possible explanation for the finding that highly creative people often do not perform well on traditional tests of intelligence? 1. Performance on intelligence tests relies on convergent thinking 2. Creativity and intelligence are unrelated abilities 3. Creative people are convergent thinkers 4. Creative people do not have above average intelligence Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 150 Reasoning: Divergent thinking refers to the ability to produce unusual and unconventional thoughts or solutions to problems. Creative people are divergent thinkers. Therefore option 3 is incorrect. Convergent thinking describes the thought process that produces conventional or correct answers to problems. Performance on intelligence tests relies on convergent thinking. Therefore option 1 is correct. Creative thinking is related to intelligent thinking (although not being the same). Therefore option 2 is false. Most highly creative people have above average intellectual ability (Ochse, 1990) – option 4 is therefore false. Question 3 Machela is 13 years old. The intelligence test results show that Machela can perform all the tasks designed for children of 14 years old, half of the tasks for children of 15 years old. Therefore, Machela’s mental age is ___. 1. 13 years 2. 13 years, 6 months 3. 14 years 4. 14 years, 6 months Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: A-Z of Psy, pg. 142 Reasoning: As Machela can perform all the tasks for a child of 14, we bank the number 14. As she can do half the tasks of a 15-year old, we add half of the year (between 14 and 15), which is 6 months. Therefore, Machela’s mental age is 14 years and 6 months. Question 4 Which of the following statements about emotional intelligence is not true? People with high emotional intelligence are able to ___. 1. manage their emotions well 2. recognise emotions in others 3. control impulses and delay gratification 4. understand the needs of others without necessarily knowing what motivates their own behaviour Answer: The correct answer is 4 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 13 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/1/2018 Reasoning: The correct answer to this question is option 4. Some of the qualities of emotionally intelligent people include the ability to recognise emotions in others, control impulses and delay gratification, and motivate themselves and keep on trying even when they experience frustrations. Emotional intelligent people also have selfawareness and recognise feelings as they happen. Question 5 Which of the following is not associated with the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion? 1. The perception of physiological arousal is a necessary element after an emotion is experienced 2. People think before they feel 3. The experience of an emotion involves interpreting physiological arousal with reference to cognitive content 4. Primary and secondary appraisals are integral components of the experience of an emotion Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/1/2018 Reasoning: The correct answer is option 1. The cognitive appraisal theory of emotion claims that we experience emotions because of the way we think about a situation. This means that we think about stimuli before we experience emotions. Our interpretation of a situation informs the different emotions we experience. For example, a person may experience fear after seeing a snake in the bedroom because a snake is perceived to be poisonous. However, another person may feel relaxed when they see a bird inside their bedroom because birds are perceived to be harmless. Options 2, 3 and 4 are incorrect because they are associated cognitive appraisal theory of emotion. Question 6 Which one of the following criteria is incorrect for identifying primary emotions? 1. They must be evident in all cultures 2. They must contribute to the survival of the species 3. They must be evident in human species only 4. They must be associated with distinct facial expression Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/1/2018 Reasoning: Primary emotions are the basic emotions experienced by people of different cultures, age and religion throughout the world. For example, anger. Primary emotions also contribute to the survival of human species and are associated with distinct facial expression. Option 3 is incorrect because primary emotions should also be evident in non-human species. Question 7 S - The study-notes marketplace Downloaded by: lizellecoetzee | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 14 PYC1501 – Basic Psychology A fellow student asks you to explain the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, and you decide to do so by using a flow chart. Which of the following provides the correct sequence in the experience of emotion? 1. Stimulation → arousal → cognitive appraisal → emotion 2. Stimulation → appraisal → differentiation of emotion → arousal 3. Stimulation → appraisal → differentiation of emotion → aroused behaviour 4. Stimulation → arousal → appraisal → emotion → appraisal → behaviour Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/1/2018 Reasoning: This question requires you to identify the correct sequence of emotion according to Schacter’s two-factor theory. Option 1 is the correct answer because when you come across a snake (stimulus) you may either experience fear or not as a result of your appraisal of the situation. For example, you may experience fear when the snake is aggressive because you will appraise the situation as threatening. However, you may experience relief when the snake crawls away from you. Therefore, you will either run away or attack the snake when you experience fear. Or you will walk freely after you’ve experienced relief. Question 8 Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct about motivation and emotions? 1. Both motivation and emotions activate behaviour 2. Motives are often accompanied by emotions 3. Emotions typically have motivational properties of their own 4. All of the above Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/1/2018 Reasoning: Motivation and emotions are related concepts because they activate behaviour (option 1). For example, a student will be motivated to study more because of the joy associated with passing their first-year module. Motives are also accompanied by emotions (option 2), for example, the motive to visit a new country may be accompanied by anxiety and excitement. Emotions also have motivational properties (option 3). For example, a student is motivated to focus on their studies because they are passionate about the programme they are enrolled in. Therefore, option 4 is the correct answer.