NEW REVIEW FOR PHARMACOLOGY II (ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCE | ACID BASE IMBALANCE) 2022 PRACTICE EXAM
SOLUTION
Name the purpose of Na+ in the body? - -fluid balance
-required for nervous and muscle AP
Name the normal Na+ range? - 135-145
What causes hyponatremia? - 1.) Na+ loss or water gain
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - seizures, coma
What causes hypernatremia? - 1.) water loss
-fever
-DI
2.) Na gain
-excessive hypertonic IVF (ex:/D5 1/2 NS-pulls Na from cells)
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - 1.) weakness, seizures
What are the nursing interventions for hypernatremia? - 1.) Treat underlying cause
2.) Seizure prec
3.) Fluid:
-D5W, 0.3% NS (hypotonic-Moves Na back into cell)
4.) Sodium restriction
5.) Tube feedings (replace fluids if NPO)
6.) Oral care
,What does K+ do? - -responsible for resting membrane polarization and
depolarization of nerve and muscle tissue--> cardiac tissue!
What are the symptoms of hypokalemia? - arrythmias
Name hyperkalemia? - 1.) decreased K excretion
-renal disease (70% of cases)
-K sparing diuretics
2.) overuse of K supplements
-tumor lysis syndrome (cell contents spill into blood), burns
3.) acidosis
-K shifts from intracellular space to extracellular
What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia? - 1.) dysrhythmias
What are the nursing interventions for hyperkalemia? - 1.) diet: limit K rich foods
2.) fluids
-no IVF with K in them
3.) monitor cardiac
-higher risk for MI
4.)freq labs q4
5.) promote K excretion
How do you promote K+ excretion? - 1.) Na+ polystyrene sulfate (Katexelate)
Name calcium required for? - 1.) nerve and muscle function
2.) bone turnover
3.) blood clotting
, What causes hypocalcemia? - 1.) hypoparathyroidism
-need PTH to absorb it--> malabsorption
-alcohol abuse
2.) Low Vit D
-needed to absorb Ca
What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? - dysrhythmias
What causes hypercalcemia? - 1.) hyperparathyroidism
-need PTH to absorb Ca
2.) prolonged immobility, bone mets
-Ca released from bones
3.) mega dose vit D
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? - dysrhythmia
What nursing interventions are used for hypocalcemia? - 1.) seizure precautions
2.)increase dietary intake
3.) IV ca gluconate
What nursing interventions are used for hypercalcemia? - 1.) \ seizure precautions
4.) CALCITONIN
5.) biphosphate therapy
Name magnesium required for in the body? - 1.) carb and protein metabolism
2.) neuromuscular function (ATP reactions)
IMBALANCE | ACID BASE IMBALANCE) 2022 PRACTICE EXAM
SOLUTION
Name the purpose of Na+ in the body? - -fluid balance
-required for nervous and muscle AP
Name the normal Na+ range? - 135-145
What causes hyponatremia? - 1.) Na+ loss or water gain
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - seizures, coma
What causes hypernatremia? - 1.) water loss
-fever
-DI
2.) Na gain
-excessive hypertonic IVF (ex:/D5 1/2 NS-pulls Na from cells)
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - 1.) weakness, seizures
What are the nursing interventions for hypernatremia? - 1.) Treat underlying cause
2.) Seizure prec
3.) Fluid:
-D5W, 0.3% NS (hypotonic-Moves Na back into cell)
4.) Sodium restriction
5.) Tube feedings (replace fluids if NPO)
6.) Oral care
,What does K+ do? - -responsible for resting membrane polarization and
depolarization of nerve and muscle tissue--> cardiac tissue!
What are the symptoms of hypokalemia? - arrythmias
Name hyperkalemia? - 1.) decreased K excretion
-renal disease (70% of cases)
-K sparing diuretics
2.) overuse of K supplements
-tumor lysis syndrome (cell contents spill into blood), burns
3.) acidosis
-K shifts from intracellular space to extracellular
What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia? - 1.) dysrhythmias
What are the nursing interventions for hyperkalemia? - 1.) diet: limit K rich foods
2.) fluids
-no IVF with K in them
3.) monitor cardiac
-higher risk for MI
4.)freq labs q4
5.) promote K excretion
How do you promote K+ excretion? - 1.) Na+ polystyrene sulfate (Katexelate)
Name calcium required for? - 1.) nerve and muscle function
2.) bone turnover
3.) blood clotting
, What causes hypocalcemia? - 1.) hypoparathyroidism
-need PTH to absorb it--> malabsorption
-alcohol abuse
2.) Low Vit D
-needed to absorb Ca
What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? - dysrhythmias
What causes hypercalcemia? - 1.) hyperparathyroidism
-need PTH to absorb Ca
2.) prolonged immobility, bone mets
-Ca released from bones
3.) mega dose vit D
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? - dysrhythmia
What nursing interventions are used for hypocalcemia? - 1.) seizure precautions
2.)increase dietary intake
3.) IV ca gluconate
What nursing interventions are used for hypercalcemia? - 1.) \ seizure precautions
4.) CALCITONIN
5.) biphosphate therapy
Name magnesium required for in the body? - 1.) carb and protein metabolism
2.) neuromuscular function (ATP reactions)
