PATHOLOGY FINAL 2022 NEW PRCACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is atrophy? - -decrease in size of cell/organ d/t decreased function, blood
supply and nutrients
What is an example of atrophy? - -Immobilization/bedridden
-casting
What is hypertrophy? - increased size of cells due to gene activation and protein
synthesis
What is an example of hypertrophy? - -resistance training
What is hyperplasia? - -increased number of cells due to proliferation induced by
growth factors and cytokines
What is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? - -uterine and mammory gland
growth w/pregnancy
What is an example of pathologic hyperplasia? - -benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? - -regeneration of liver after
removing a portion of it
What is metaplasia? - -reversible replacement of mature cell types by another
,What is an example of metaplasia? - -smoking--> replace columnar epithelial
w/stratified squamous epithelial
What is dysplasia? - -abnormal size, shape, or organization of mature cells results
from longstanding hyperplasia and metaplasia
-doesn't indicate cancer
What is increased capillary hydrostatic pressure? - -increased pushing pressure in
vessels from HTN and blood clots--> leakage/edema and Na/water retention
What is decreased capillary oncotic pressure? - -caused by malnutrition and liver
disease
-decreased albumin--> inability to hold/pull in water--> leakage/edema
What is increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure? - -causes:
obstruction/blockage in lymphatics
-increased pressure downstream--> leakage/edema
What is increased interstitial oncotic pressure? - -inflammation--> capillary
permeability
-protein leaks out pulling water w/it
What is the normal sodium range? - 135-145
What is hypernatremia? - Na >145
,What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - -fluid volume disturbances-->
dehydration
What is hyponatremia? - Na <135
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - -seizures
-muscle twitching
-nausea
-abdominal cramps
-coma
What is the priority in peds? - hyponatremia
What is the normal chloride range? - 95-105 mEq/L
What is hyperchloremia? - Chloride >105
What are the signs of hyperchloremia? - -hyperventilation
What is hypochloremia? - chloride <95
What are the signs of hypochloremia? - -hypoventilation
-metabolic alkalosis
What is the normal range for potassium levels? - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
, What is hyperkalemia? - >5.0 mEq/L
What are the s/s of hyperkalemia? - -cardiac excitability
-diarrhea
-flaccid paralysis
What is number one priority when assessing electrolyte levels? - -potassium-->
especially hyperkalemia
What is hypokalemia? - <3.5 mEq/L
What are the s/s of hypokalemia? - -decreased GI motility
What are normal calcium levels? - 8.8-10.5
What is hypercalcemia? - Ca >10.5
What are the s/s of hypercalcemia? - -low phosphorus
-kidney stones
-cardiac excitability
What is hypocalcemia? - <8.8
What are the s/s of hypocalcemia? - -muscle contractions
What is atrophy? - -decrease in size of cell/organ d/t decreased function, blood
supply and nutrients
What is an example of atrophy? - -Immobilization/bedridden
-casting
What is hypertrophy? - increased size of cells due to gene activation and protein
synthesis
What is an example of hypertrophy? - -resistance training
What is hyperplasia? - -increased number of cells due to proliferation induced by
growth factors and cytokines
What is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? - -uterine and mammory gland
growth w/pregnancy
What is an example of pathologic hyperplasia? - -benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? - -regeneration of liver after
removing a portion of it
What is metaplasia? - -reversible replacement of mature cell types by another
,What is an example of metaplasia? - -smoking--> replace columnar epithelial
w/stratified squamous epithelial
What is dysplasia? - -abnormal size, shape, or organization of mature cells results
from longstanding hyperplasia and metaplasia
-doesn't indicate cancer
What is increased capillary hydrostatic pressure? - -increased pushing pressure in
vessels from HTN and blood clots--> leakage/edema and Na/water retention
What is decreased capillary oncotic pressure? - -caused by malnutrition and liver
disease
-decreased albumin--> inability to hold/pull in water--> leakage/edema
What is increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure? - -causes:
obstruction/blockage in lymphatics
-increased pressure downstream--> leakage/edema
What is increased interstitial oncotic pressure? - -inflammation--> capillary
permeability
-protein leaks out pulling water w/it
What is the normal sodium range? - 135-145
What is hypernatremia? - Na >145
,What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - -fluid volume disturbances-->
dehydration
What is hyponatremia? - Na <135
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - -seizures
-muscle twitching
-nausea
-abdominal cramps
-coma
What is the priority in peds? - hyponatremia
What is the normal chloride range? - 95-105 mEq/L
What is hyperchloremia? - Chloride >105
What are the signs of hyperchloremia? - -hyperventilation
What is hypochloremia? - chloride <95
What are the signs of hypochloremia? - -hypoventilation
-metabolic alkalosis
What is the normal range for potassium levels? - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
, What is hyperkalemia? - >5.0 mEq/L
What are the s/s of hyperkalemia? - -cardiac excitability
-diarrhea
-flaccid paralysis
What is number one priority when assessing electrolyte levels? - -potassium-->
especially hyperkalemia
What is hypokalemia? - <3.5 mEq/L
What are the s/s of hypokalemia? - -decreased GI motility
What are normal calcium levels? - 8.8-10.5
What is hypercalcemia? - Ca >10.5
What are the s/s of hypercalcemia? - -low phosphorus
-kidney stones
-cardiac excitability
What is hypocalcemia? - <8.8
What are the s/s of hypocalcemia? - -muscle contractions
