Pathophysiology & Pharmacology II Final Exam
Increased abdominal pressure causes chyme to be pushed into the esophagus - GERD
Where is pain felt after eating when a patient has GERD? - mid-epigastric region
Heartburn, regurgitations of chyme, and mid-epigastric pain after eating are symptoms of what
GI condition? - GERD
Peptic ulcer disease affects the mucosal lining of what 3 parts of the GI tract? - lower
esophagus, stomach, duodenum
Which kind of peptic ulcer is most common? - duodenal
Which kind of peptic ulcer is usually caused by H. pylori, hypersecretion of acid, NSAIDs, high
gastrin, and smoking? - duodenal
What region is pain felt when a patient has gastric ulcers? - antral
Which kind of peptic ulcer is usually caused by increased mucosal permeability to hydrogen
ions? - gastric
For gastric ulcers, do gastric secretions tend to be high, normal, or low? - normal or low
Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colonic mucosa of the colon and rectum - ulcerative
colitis
What are the main 3 symptoms of ulcerative colitis? - bloody stools, diarrhea, cramping
Inflammatory bowel disease that has skip lesions - crohns
Why can crohns cause anemia? - interfering with B12 and folic acid absorption
Eating order that stems from poor body image and refusal to eat - anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder that involves episodes of binge eating, self-induced vomiting, episodes of
starvation, and excessive exercise - bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder when the patient loses 25-30% of their body weight - anorexia
Eating disorder when the patient does not lose a lot of weight - bulimia
, Which eating disorder can cause starvation-induced cardiac failure? - anorexia
Muscle wasting due to starvation - cachexia
Long term starvation indicated by a swollen belly - kwashiorkor
High blood pressure in the portal venous system caused by resistance to portal blood flow -
portal hypertension
Most common cause of portal hypertension - cirrhosis
How do antacids work - neutralize stomach acid
What 3 things do antacids stimulate the release of? - mucus, bicarb, prostaglandins
ABG alteration caused by overuse of antacids - metabolic alkalosis
Antacids that can cause constipation, kidney stones, and rebound hyperacidity - calcium
Antacids that can cause diarrhea - magnesium
Why should antacids never be taken at the same time as other medications - chelation
MOA of H2 blockers - block histamine receptors to reduce H+ secretion
Which cells in the stomach secrete H+ ions - parietal
Medication that irreversibly bind to H+/K+ ATPase enzymes in parietal cells to "lock" H+ ions
inside of the parietal cells - PPI
Which stomach hyperacidity medication can cause achlorhydria? - PPI
GI medication with potential to cause C. diff, osteoporosis, pneumonia, and depletion of
magnesium - PPI
Type of diabetes with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells - 1
Type of diabetes that is acquired via lifestyle, such as from obesity - 2
Type of diabetes with no insulin production - 1
Type of diabetes caused by insulin resistance - 2
Type of diabetes treated with "anti-diabetic" medications - 2
Increased abdominal pressure causes chyme to be pushed into the esophagus - GERD
Where is pain felt after eating when a patient has GERD? - mid-epigastric region
Heartburn, regurgitations of chyme, and mid-epigastric pain after eating are symptoms of what
GI condition? - GERD
Peptic ulcer disease affects the mucosal lining of what 3 parts of the GI tract? - lower
esophagus, stomach, duodenum
Which kind of peptic ulcer is most common? - duodenal
Which kind of peptic ulcer is usually caused by H. pylori, hypersecretion of acid, NSAIDs, high
gastrin, and smoking? - duodenal
What region is pain felt when a patient has gastric ulcers? - antral
Which kind of peptic ulcer is usually caused by increased mucosal permeability to hydrogen
ions? - gastric
For gastric ulcers, do gastric secretions tend to be high, normal, or low? - normal or low
Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colonic mucosa of the colon and rectum - ulcerative
colitis
What are the main 3 symptoms of ulcerative colitis? - bloody stools, diarrhea, cramping
Inflammatory bowel disease that has skip lesions - crohns
Why can crohns cause anemia? - interfering with B12 and folic acid absorption
Eating order that stems from poor body image and refusal to eat - anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder that involves episodes of binge eating, self-induced vomiting, episodes of
starvation, and excessive exercise - bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder when the patient loses 25-30% of their body weight - anorexia
Eating disorder when the patient does not lose a lot of weight - bulimia
, Which eating disorder can cause starvation-induced cardiac failure? - anorexia
Muscle wasting due to starvation - cachexia
Long term starvation indicated by a swollen belly - kwashiorkor
High blood pressure in the portal venous system caused by resistance to portal blood flow -
portal hypertension
Most common cause of portal hypertension - cirrhosis
How do antacids work - neutralize stomach acid
What 3 things do antacids stimulate the release of? - mucus, bicarb, prostaglandins
ABG alteration caused by overuse of antacids - metabolic alkalosis
Antacids that can cause constipation, kidney stones, and rebound hyperacidity - calcium
Antacids that can cause diarrhea - magnesium
Why should antacids never be taken at the same time as other medications - chelation
MOA of H2 blockers - block histamine receptors to reduce H+ secretion
Which cells in the stomach secrete H+ ions - parietal
Medication that irreversibly bind to H+/K+ ATPase enzymes in parietal cells to "lock" H+ ions
inside of the parietal cells - PPI
Which stomach hyperacidity medication can cause achlorhydria? - PPI
GI medication with potential to cause C. diff, osteoporosis, pneumonia, and depletion of
magnesium - PPI
Type of diabetes with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells - 1
Type of diabetes that is acquired via lifestyle, such as from obesity - 2
Type of diabetes with no insulin production - 1
Type of diabetes caused by insulin resistance - 2
Type of diabetes treated with "anti-diabetic" medications - 2
