ANATOMY 251 A & P 1 Final Review
Chapter 1
• Define Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: Study of the Form and Structure of body parts.
Physiology: Study of the body’s Function
• Anatomical Terms and Uses
SUPERIOR a part is above another part, or closer to the head
INFERIOR a part is below another part, or toward the feet
ANTERIOR toward the front; ventral
POSTERIOR opposite of anterior; toward the back; dorsal
MEDIAL relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves
LATERAL toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline
IPSILATERAL pertains to the same side
CONTRALATERAL refers to the opposite side
PROXIMAL a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of
reference than another point
DISTAL opposite of proximal; a particular body part is farther from the trunk or farther from
another specified point of reference than another part
SUPERFICIAL situated near the surface
PERIPHERAL outward or near the surface; describes location of certain blood vessels and
nerves
DEEP parts that are more internal
• Directional
,ANATOMY 251 A & P 1 Final Review
• Anatomical Planes
SAGITTAL lengthwise cut that divides the body into right
and left portions
MIDSAGITTAL passes along the midline and divides the
body into equal parts; median
PARASAGITTAL sagittal section lateral to midline
TRANSVERSE horizontal; a cut that divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
CORONAL frontal; a section that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions
CROSS SECTION a cut across the structure
OBLIQUE an angular cut
LONGITUDINAL a lengthwise cut
,ANATOMY 251 A & P 1 Final Review
Cranial Cavity: The Brain
Vertebral canal/Spinal Cavity: Spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity: Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus.
Abdominal Cavity: Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and kidneys.
Pelvic Cavity: Terminal end of large intestines, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Pleural Cavity RT & LT: each one contains one lung
Pericardial Cavity: Contains the heart
Axial Portion: Includes the head, neck and trunk of the bod
Appendicular portion: the upper and lower limbs.
EPIGASTRIC REGION upper middle portion
LEFT and RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS on the left/right side of the epigastric region
UMBILICAL REGION central portion
LEFT and RIGHT LUMBAR REGIONS on the left/right side of the umbilical region
HYPOGRASTRIC REGIONS lower middle portion
LEFT and RIGHT ILIAC
(INGUINAL) REGIONS left/right
side of the hypogastric region
ABDOMINAL region between
the thorax and pelvis
• Homeostasis
,ANATOMY 251 A & P 1 Final Review
When the bodies internal environmental remains within certain physiological ranges or limits. State
of equilibrium in the body with respect to functions, composition of fluids and tissues. Homeostasis
is a dynamic condition. In response to changing conditions, the body’s parameters can shift among
points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life.
• Feedback Mechanisms
Chapter 1
• Define Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: Study of the Form and Structure of body parts.
Physiology: Study of the body’s Function
• Anatomical Terms and Uses
SUPERIOR a part is above another part, or closer to the head
INFERIOR a part is below another part, or toward the feet
ANTERIOR toward the front; ventral
POSTERIOR opposite of anterior; toward the back; dorsal
MEDIAL relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves
LATERAL toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline
IPSILATERAL pertains to the same side
CONTRALATERAL refers to the opposite side
PROXIMAL a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of
reference than another point
DISTAL opposite of proximal; a particular body part is farther from the trunk or farther from
another specified point of reference than another part
SUPERFICIAL situated near the surface
PERIPHERAL outward or near the surface; describes location of certain blood vessels and
nerves
DEEP parts that are more internal
• Directional
,ANATOMY 251 A & P 1 Final Review
• Anatomical Planes
SAGITTAL lengthwise cut that divides the body into right
and left portions
MIDSAGITTAL passes along the midline and divides the
body into equal parts; median
PARASAGITTAL sagittal section lateral to midline
TRANSVERSE horizontal; a cut that divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
CORONAL frontal; a section that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions
CROSS SECTION a cut across the structure
OBLIQUE an angular cut
LONGITUDINAL a lengthwise cut
,ANATOMY 251 A & P 1 Final Review
Cranial Cavity: The Brain
Vertebral canal/Spinal Cavity: Spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity: Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus.
Abdominal Cavity: Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and kidneys.
Pelvic Cavity: Terminal end of large intestines, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Pleural Cavity RT & LT: each one contains one lung
Pericardial Cavity: Contains the heart
Axial Portion: Includes the head, neck and trunk of the bod
Appendicular portion: the upper and lower limbs.
EPIGASTRIC REGION upper middle portion
LEFT and RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS on the left/right side of the epigastric region
UMBILICAL REGION central portion
LEFT and RIGHT LUMBAR REGIONS on the left/right side of the umbilical region
HYPOGRASTRIC REGIONS lower middle portion
LEFT and RIGHT ILIAC
(INGUINAL) REGIONS left/right
side of the hypogastric region
ABDOMINAL region between
the thorax and pelvis
• Homeostasis
,ANATOMY 251 A & P 1 Final Review
When the bodies internal environmental remains within certain physiological ranges or limits. State
of equilibrium in the body with respect to functions, composition of fluids and tissues. Homeostasis
is a dynamic condition. In response to changing conditions, the body’s parameters can shift among
points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life.
• Feedback Mechanisms
