ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENCY PRACTICES ON CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION IN TURKANA COUNTY,
KENYA
, ABSTRACT
Globally, the promotion of transparency in the extractive sector, specifically mining, gas
and oil has turned out to be the most accepted and appropriate answer to the shortcomings
in the administration of resources in the developing countries. Previous studies have
established that management of resources without transparency can lead to negative
impacts associated with poor economic growth, and poor standards of living among the
citizens as witnessed in some African economies with great wealth of natural resources.
The purpose of the study is to establish the effect of transparency practices on conflict
resolution in oil and gas extraction in Turkana County. The objectives of this proposed
study are to establish the extent of transparency in alleviating oil related conflicts, ascertain
effects of stakeholder engagement towards alleviating oil related conflicts, and evaluate
the extent of community empowerment for consensus building and alleviate oil related
conflicts, in Turkana County. This proposed study will adopt public participation and
disclosure theories as outlined in the theoretical framework. It will apply mixed research
methods, and adopt concurrent triangulation approach since the researcher seeks to collect
information from a diverse response base in Turkana to enhance use of both quantitative
and qualitative data to define relationships among variables of interest. The proposed study
will use census method which supports the enumeration of the entire target population
comprised of heterogeneous items to ensure highest accuracy. The sample size for the
study will be 86 respondents, which constitutes 100% of the target population. The
proposed study will use a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews as the primary tools
for data collection. A pilot-test will be conducted in Lodwar town within Turkana county,
as an approach to establish both reliability and validity assessment of the questionnaire.
The obtained data will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software
supplemented with spreadsheets. Inferential statistics will be used to compare data
collected to determine relationships between the variables under the study. Ethical
considerations including letter of consent to all respondents seeking their participation,
explanatory letters concerning confidentiality, privacy, and non-disclosure of identities, as
well as seeking permission from the National Commission for Science, Technology and
Innovation prior to data collection. The findings of the study will inform the government
on the gaps in the stakeholders’ engagement process towards establishing lasting solutions
to the discontentment of local communities, and also provide reference point by
researchers, academicians, professors, industrialists, and other parties seeking to expand
the study on the Country’s oil exploration.
ii
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION AND APPROVAL ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ v
LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
1.1 Background to the study .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 3
1.3 Purpose of the Study.................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................... 3
1.5 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 4
1.7 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Study Limitations ........................................................................................................ 5
1.9 Delimitations ............................................................................................................... 5
1.10 Assumptions of the Study............................................................................................ 5
1.11 Operational Definition of Key Terms ......................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 8
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Empirical Literature Review ....................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Accountability .......................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Public Disclosure ..................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Stakeholder Engagement ......................................................................................... 18
2.2.4 Community Empowerment ...................................................................................... 21
2.3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 23
2.3.1 Public Participation Theory ..................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Disclosure Theory .................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................. 29
2.5 Recap of Literature Review ....................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ................... 31
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 31
3.2 Research Methodology ............................................................................................... 31
iii
, 3.3 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 31
3.4 Location of the Study ................................................................................................ 31
3.5 Target Population ...................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size..................................................................... 33
3.7 Research Instruments ................................................................................................ 34
3.7.1 Questionnaire ........................................................................................................... 34
3.7.2 Interview Guide ....................................................................................................... 34
3.8 Piloting of Research Instruments .............................................................................. 35
3.8.1 Reliability Tests ....................................................................................................... 35
3.8.2 Validity Tests ........................................................................................................... 35
3.9 Data Collection Methods and Procedures ................................................................. 36
3.10 Proposed Data Analysis, Techniques and Procedures ............................................... 36
3.11 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................... 37
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 37
Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 41
Appendix I: Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 41
Appendix II: Time Schedule for Research ................................................................... 46
Source (Researcher, 2019) .............................................................................................. 47
Appendix III: Research Budget ..................................................................................... 47
Source (Researcher, 2019) .............................................................................................. 48
Appendix IV: Map of the oil exploration blocks and the productive wells ............... 49
Appendix V: Informed Consent Form .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix VI: Originality Report ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
iv
MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION IN TURKANA COUNTY,
KENYA
, ABSTRACT
Globally, the promotion of transparency in the extractive sector, specifically mining, gas
and oil has turned out to be the most accepted and appropriate answer to the shortcomings
in the administration of resources in the developing countries. Previous studies have
established that management of resources without transparency can lead to negative
impacts associated with poor economic growth, and poor standards of living among the
citizens as witnessed in some African economies with great wealth of natural resources.
The purpose of the study is to establish the effect of transparency practices on conflict
resolution in oil and gas extraction in Turkana County. The objectives of this proposed
study are to establish the extent of transparency in alleviating oil related conflicts, ascertain
effects of stakeholder engagement towards alleviating oil related conflicts, and evaluate
the extent of community empowerment for consensus building and alleviate oil related
conflicts, in Turkana County. This proposed study will adopt public participation and
disclosure theories as outlined in the theoretical framework. It will apply mixed research
methods, and adopt concurrent triangulation approach since the researcher seeks to collect
information from a diverse response base in Turkana to enhance use of both quantitative
and qualitative data to define relationships among variables of interest. The proposed study
will use census method which supports the enumeration of the entire target population
comprised of heterogeneous items to ensure highest accuracy. The sample size for the
study will be 86 respondents, which constitutes 100% of the target population. The
proposed study will use a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews as the primary tools
for data collection. A pilot-test will be conducted in Lodwar town within Turkana county,
as an approach to establish both reliability and validity assessment of the questionnaire.
The obtained data will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software
supplemented with spreadsheets. Inferential statistics will be used to compare data
collected to determine relationships between the variables under the study. Ethical
considerations including letter of consent to all respondents seeking their participation,
explanatory letters concerning confidentiality, privacy, and non-disclosure of identities, as
well as seeking permission from the National Commission for Science, Technology and
Innovation prior to data collection. The findings of the study will inform the government
on the gaps in the stakeholders’ engagement process towards establishing lasting solutions
to the discontentment of local communities, and also provide reference point by
researchers, academicians, professors, industrialists, and other parties seeking to expand
the study on the Country’s oil exploration.
ii
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION AND APPROVAL ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ v
LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
1.1 Background to the study .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 3
1.3 Purpose of the Study.................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................... 3
1.5 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 4
1.7 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Study Limitations ........................................................................................................ 5
1.9 Delimitations ............................................................................................................... 5
1.10 Assumptions of the Study............................................................................................ 5
1.11 Operational Definition of Key Terms ......................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 8
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Empirical Literature Review ....................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Accountability .......................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Public Disclosure ..................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Stakeholder Engagement ......................................................................................... 18
2.2.4 Community Empowerment ...................................................................................... 21
2.3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 23
2.3.1 Public Participation Theory ..................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Disclosure Theory .................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................. 29
2.5 Recap of Literature Review ....................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ................... 31
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 31
3.2 Research Methodology ............................................................................................... 31
iii
, 3.3 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 31
3.4 Location of the Study ................................................................................................ 31
3.5 Target Population ...................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size..................................................................... 33
3.7 Research Instruments ................................................................................................ 34
3.7.1 Questionnaire ........................................................................................................... 34
3.7.2 Interview Guide ....................................................................................................... 34
3.8 Piloting of Research Instruments .............................................................................. 35
3.8.1 Reliability Tests ....................................................................................................... 35
3.8.2 Validity Tests ........................................................................................................... 35
3.9 Data Collection Methods and Procedures ................................................................. 36
3.10 Proposed Data Analysis, Techniques and Procedures ............................................... 36
3.11 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................... 37
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 37
Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 41
Appendix I: Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 41
Appendix II: Time Schedule for Research ................................................................... 46
Source (Researcher, 2019) .............................................................................................. 47
Appendix III: Research Budget ..................................................................................... 47
Source (Researcher, 2019) .............................................................................................. 48
Appendix IV: Map of the oil exploration blocks and the productive wells ............... 49
Appendix V: Informed Consent Form .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix VI: Originality Report ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
iv
