lOMoARcPSD|3013804
Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review
sheet
Essentials of Pathophysiology (Rasmussen University)
, lOMoARcPSD|3013804
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review
Sheet
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
a. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
b. Causes: Alcohol, aspirin, and bacteria.
2. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations of GERD. What are complications of GERD if left
untreated?
a. Gerd (Gastroesophageal reflux disease): Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through
lower esophageal sphincter.
b. Complications: Inflammation – irritation and swelling – narrowing of the esophagus
3. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
a. PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease): Painful sores or ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach.
b. Clinical manifestations: vomiting, faintness, weight loss, blood in stool.
4. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations for pseudomembranous colitis?
a. PUD (Pseudomembranous colitis): Acute inflammation and necrosis (Death of cells) of the large
intestine. Caused by clostridium difficile (Exposure to antibiotics).
b. Clinical manifestations: bloody diarrhea – abdominal pain – fever – leukocytosis
5. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition?
a. Signs: Right lower quadrant pain Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
b. Symptoms: McBurney’s point (Right side of abdomen) – Nausea – vomiting – fever – diarrhea –
inflammation.
6. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional bowel obstructions
versus mechanical obstructions. Know examples of each type
a. Causes of bowel obstruction: Hernias, colon cancer, certain medications, inflamed intestine EX:
Crohn’s disease.
b. Functional bowel obstructions: there is no physical blockage, however, the bowels are not
moving food through the digestive tract
c. Mechanical obstructions: Adhesions (Scar like tissue) – Hernia (Fatty tissue squeezing through
muscle) – Tumors – impacted feces.
7. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver disease?
a. Signs:
i. Hepatocellular failure (Decreased clotting factors)
ii. Portal hypertension (Increase in pressure within the portal vein EX: GI congestion carries
blood from the digestive organs to the liver)
iii. Jaundice (yellowing of skin and breakdown of red blood cells)
iv. Ascites: Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
1. Diagnosis: Fluid examination from abdominal paracentesis
Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review
sheet
Essentials of Pathophysiology (Rasmussen University)
, lOMoARcPSD|3013804
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review
Sheet
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
a. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
b. Causes: Alcohol, aspirin, and bacteria.
2. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations of GERD. What are complications of GERD if left
untreated?
a. Gerd (Gastroesophageal reflux disease): Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through
lower esophageal sphincter.
b. Complications: Inflammation – irritation and swelling – narrowing of the esophagus
3. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
a. PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease): Painful sores or ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach.
b. Clinical manifestations: vomiting, faintness, weight loss, blood in stool.
4. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations for pseudomembranous colitis?
a. PUD (Pseudomembranous colitis): Acute inflammation and necrosis (Death of cells) of the large
intestine. Caused by clostridium difficile (Exposure to antibiotics).
b. Clinical manifestations: bloody diarrhea – abdominal pain – fever – leukocytosis
5. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition?
a. Signs: Right lower quadrant pain Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
b. Symptoms: McBurney’s point (Right side of abdomen) – Nausea – vomiting – fever – diarrhea –
inflammation.
6. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional bowel obstructions
versus mechanical obstructions. Know examples of each type
a. Causes of bowel obstruction: Hernias, colon cancer, certain medications, inflamed intestine EX:
Crohn’s disease.
b. Functional bowel obstructions: there is no physical blockage, however, the bowels are not
moving food through the digestive tract
c. Mechanical obstructions: Adhesions (Scar like tissue) – Hernia (Fatty tissue squeezing through
muscle) – Tumors – impacted feces.
7. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver disease?
a. Signs:
i. Hepatocellular failure (Decreased clotting factors)
ii. Portal hypertension (Increase in pressure within the portal vein EX: GI congestion carries
blood from the digestive organs to the liver)
iii. Jaundice (yellowing of skin and breakdown of red blood cells)
iv. Ascites: Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
1. Diagnosis: Fluid examination from abdominal paracentesis
