FON PT Answer Key
Fundamentals of Nursing Post Test
Situation – Mr. Martin, 21 years old was suddenly rushed to the hospital because of
severe chest pain. On admission, he was diagnosed to have acute myocardial
infarction and was placed in the ICU.
1. While in the ICU, he executes the documents that list the medical treatment he
chooses to refuse in case his condition becomes severe to a point that he will be unable
to make decisions for himself. This document is:
a. Power of attorney c. Informed consent
b. Last will and testament d. Living will
Answer: D - Living will
The living will provides specific instructions about what medical treatment the client
chooses to omit or refuse (e.g., ventilatory support) in the event that the client is
unable to make decisions. For example, the client may later enter a persistent
vegetative state or has a terminal illness and need resuscitation to avoid immediate
death.
Source: Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice 7th Ed. by Kozier et. al, p. 1044
2. Aikee’s physician recommends splenectomy. Aikee states, “I don't need surgery. This
will go away on its own.” In considering your response to Aikee you must depend on the
ethical principle of:
a. Justice c. Autonomy
b. Advocacy d. Beneficence
Answer: C - Autonomy
Autonomy refers to the right to make one's decisions. Nurses who follow this principle
recognize that each client is unique, has the right to be what the person is, and has the
right to choose personal goals. People have “inward autonomy” if they have the ability
to make choices; they have “outward autonomy” if their choices are not limited or
imposed by others. Honoring the principle of autonomy means that the nurse respects a
client's right to make decisions even when those choices seem to the nurse not to be in
client's best interest. It also means treating others with consideration. This principle
comes into play, for example, in the requirement that clients provide informed consent
before tests, procedures, research, or being a teaching subject can be carried out.
Source: Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice 7th Ed. by Kozier et. al, p. 73
3. Which of the following is the best example of the ethical principle of fidelity?
a. Doing whatever the client or clients physician asks of you
b. Keeping a promise to return to the clients room at a given time
c. Being a good friend to the client by sharing secrets
d. Saving the client time and money by not wasting supplies
Answer: B - Keeping a promise to return to the clients room at a given time
Fidelity refers to moral obligation that individuals should be faithful to their
commitments and promises. Breaking a promise is believed by many ethicists to be
wrong regardless of the consequences. In other words, even if there were no far-
reaching negative results of the broken promises, it is still wrong because it would
render the making of any promise (fidelity) may not be in the best interest of the other
party, as discussed below under confidentiality.
Source: Leadership Roles & Management Functions in Nursing Theory & Application by Marquis et.
al, p. 81
,FON PT Answer Key
principle did Chester and her family utilize and basis for their decision to sign a DNR.
a. Autonomy c. Beneficence
b. Advocacy d. Justice
Answer: A - Autonomy
Autonomy refers to the right to make one's decisions. Nurses who follow this principle
recognize that each client is unique, has the right to be what the person is, and has the
right to choose personal goals. People have “inward autonomy” if they have the ability
to make choices; they have “outward
,FON PT Answer Key
autonomy” if their choices are not limited or imposed by others. Honoring the principle
of autonomy means that the nurse respects a client's right to make decisions even when
those choices seem to the nurse not to be in client's best interest. It also means treating
others with consideration. This principle comes into play, for example, in the
requirement that clients provide informed consent before tests, procedures, research, or
being a teaching subject can be carried out.
Source: Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice 7th Ed. by Kozier et. al,
p. 73
5. Who is the proponent of the “Nursing Process” which includes “Care,
Core, Cure?” a. Lydia Hall c. Florence Nightingale
b. Martha Rogers d. Dorothy Johnson behavioral system model
Answer: A- Lydia Hall
The term NURSING PROCESS was first used/mentioned by Lydia Hall, a nursing
theorist, in 1955 wherein she introduced 3 STEPs: observation, administration of care
and validation and the 3 C’s: Care, Core, Cure.
B- Rogers is the proponent for the Science of Humanitary Being. The person is viewed as
an irreducible whole, the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. Whole is
differentiated from the holistic, the latter often being used to mean only the sum of all
parts. She states that the humans are dynamic energy fields in continuous exchange with
environmental fields, both of which are infinite.
C- Florence Nightingale is the proponent for the Environmental theory, "the act of
utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery."
D- "Johnson states that nurses should use the behavioral system as their knowledge
base; comparable to the biological system that physicians use as their base of
knowledge. The reason Johnson chose the behavioral system model is the idea that "all
the patterned, repetitive, purposeful ways of behaving that characterize each person's
life make up an organized and integrated whole, or a system" (other). Johnson states
that by categorizing behaviors, they can be predicted and ordered. Johnson categorized
all human behavior into seven subsystems.
Source: Kozier, B., Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice. 5th Ed. p 38-
39. http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-process/. Date last retrieved: November 11, 2008. 11:30 am.;
http://www.nursingtheory.net/models_bsm.html. Date last retrieved: November 11, 2008. 11:55 am.
6. When performing oral care to an unconscious client, which of the following
is a special consideration to prevent aspiration of fluids into the lungs?
a. Put the client on a side lying position with head of bed lowered.
b. Keep the client dry by placing towel under the chin.
c. Wash hands and observe appropriate infection control.
d. Clean mouth with oral swabs in a careful and an orderly progression.
Answer: A - Put the client on a side lying position with head of bed lowered.
Place the unconscious patient in a side-lying position with the head of the bed in a semi-
Fowler's position and with the patient's head turned toward you. If the patient's head
cannot be raised, leave the patient flat, and turn the head toward you. In this position,
the fluids used for mouth care will drain out of the mouth by gravity and decrease the
chance of aspiration.
Source: Modules for Basic Nursing Skills 7th Ed. by Ellis et. al, p. 115
7. Which of the following nursing theorists is credited with developing the conceptual
, FON PT Answer Key
Answer: A - Martha Rogers
Martha Rogers’ life process model views man as an evolving creature interacting with
the environment in an open, adaptive manner. According to this model, the purpose of
nursing is to help man achieve maximum health in his environment.
Source: Nurse Test A Review Series Fundamentals of Nursing by Olsen et. al, p. 37
Fundamentals of Nursing Post Test
Situation – Mr. Martin, 21 years old was suddenly rushed to the hospital because of
severe chest pain. On admission, he was diagnosed to have acute myocardial
infarction and was placed in the ICU.
1. While in the ICU, he executes the documents that list the medical treatment he
chooses to refuse in case his condition becomes severe to a point that he will be unable
to make decisions for himself. This document is:
a. Power of attorney c. Informed consent
b. Last will and testament d. Living will
Answer: D - Living will
The living will provides specific instructions about what medical treatment the client
chooses to omit or refuse (e.g., ventilatory support) in the event that the client is
unable to make decisions. For example, the client may later enter a persistent
vegetative state or has a terminal illness and need resuscitation to avoid immediate
death.
Source: Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice 7th Ed. by Kozier et. al, p. 1044
2. Aikee’s physician recommends splenectomy. Aikee states, “I don't need surgery. This
will go away on its own.” In considering your response to Aikee you must depend on the
ethical principle of:
a. Justice c. Autonomy
b. Advocacy d. Beneficence
Answer: C - Autonomy
Autonomy refers to the right to make one's decisions. Nurses who follow this principle
recognize that each client is unique, has the right to be what the person is, and has the
right to choose personal goals. People have “inward autonomy” if they have the ability
to make choices; they have “outward autonomy” if their choices are not limited or
imposed by others. Honoring the principle of autonomy means that the nurse respects a
client's right to make decisions even when those choices seem to the nurse not to be in
client's best interest. It also means treating others with consideration. This principle
comes into play, for example, in the requirement that clients provide informed consent
before tests, procedures, research, or being a teaching subject can be carried out.
Source: Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice 7th Ed. by Kozier et. al, p. 73
3. Which of the following is the best example of the ethical principle of fidelity?
a. Doing whatever the client or clients physician asks of you
b. Keeping a promise to return to the clients room at a given time
c. Being a good friend to the client by sharing secrets
d. Saving the client time and money by not wasting supplies
Answer: B - Keeping a promise to return to the clients room at a given time
Fidelity refers to moral obligation that individuals should be faithful to their
commitments and promises. Breaking a promise is believed by many ethicists to be
wrong regardless of the consequences. In other words, even if there were no far-
reaching negative results of the broken promises, it is still wrong because it would
render the making of any promise (fidelity) may not be in the best interest of the other
party, as discussed below under confidentiality.
Source: Leadership Roles & Management Functions in Nursing Theory & Application by Marquis et.
al, p. 81
,FON PT Answer Key
principle did Chester and her family utilize and basis for their decision to sign a DNR.
a. Autonomy c. Beneficence
b. Advocacy d. Justice
Answer: A - Autonomy
Autonomy refers to the right to make one's decisions. Nurses who follow this principle
recognize that each client is unique, has the right to be what the person is, and has the
right to choose personal goals. People have “inward autonomy” if they have the ability
to make choices; they have “outward
,FON PT Answer Key
autonomy” if their choices are not limited or imposed by others. Honoring the principle
of autonomy means that the nurse respects a client's right to make decisions even when
those choices seem to the nurse not to be in client's best interest. It also means treating
others with consideration. This principle comes into play, for example, in the
requirement that clients provide informed consent before tests, procedures, research, or
being a teaching subject can be carried out.
Source: Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice 7th Ed. by Kozier et. al,
p. 73
5. Who is the proponent of the “Nursing Process” which includes “Care,
Core, Cure?” a. Lydia Hall c. Florence Nightingale
b. Martha Rogers d. Dorothy Johnson behavioral system model
Answer: A- Lydia Hall
The term NURSING PROCESS was first used/mentioned by Lydia Hall, a nursing
theorist, in 1955 wherein she introduced 3 STEPs: observation, administration of care
and validation and the 3 C’s: Care, Core, Cure.
B- Rogers is the proponent for the Science of Humanitary Being. The person is viewed as
an irreducible whole, the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. Whole is
differentiated from the holistic, the latter often being used to mean only the sum of all
parts. She states that the humans are dynamic energy fields in continuous exchange with
environmental fields, both of which are infinite.
C- Florence Nightingale is the proponent for the Environmental theory, "the act of
utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery."
D- "Johnson states that nurses should use the behavioral system as their knowledge
base; comparable to the biological system that physicians use as their base of
knowledge. The reason Johnson chose the behavioral system model is the idea that "all
the patterned, repetitive, purposeful ways of behaving that characterize each person's
life make up an organized and integrated whole, or a system" (other). Johnson states
that by categorizing behaviors, they can be predicted and ordered. Johnson categorized
all human behavior into seven subsystems.
Source: Kozier, B., Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice. 5th Ed. p 38-
39. http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-process/. Date last retrieved: November 11, 2008. 11:30 am.;
http://www.nursingtheory.net/models_bsm.html. Date last retrieved: November 11, 2008. 11:55 am.
6. When performing oral care to an unconscious client, which of the following
is a special consideration to prevent aspiration of fluids into the lungs?
a. Put the client on a side lying position with head of bed lowered.
b. Keep the client dry by placing towel under the chin.
c. Wash hands and observe appropriate infection control.
d. Clean mouth with oral swabs in a careful and an orderly progression.
Answer: A - Put the client on a side lying position with head of bed lowered.
Place the unconscious patient in a side-lying position with the head of the bed in a semi-
Fowler's position and with the patient's head turned toward you. If the patient's head
cannot be raised, leave the patient flat, and turn the head toward you. In this position,
the fluids used for mouth care will drain out of the mouth by gravity and decrease the
chance of aspiration.
Source: Modules for Basic Nursing Skills 7th Ed. by Ellis et. al, p. 115
7. Which of the following nursing theorists is credited with developing the conceptual
, FON PT Answer Key
Answer: A - Martha Rogers
Martha Rogers’ life process model views man as an evolving creature interacting with
the environment in an open, adaptive manner. According to this model, the purpose of
nursing is to help man achieve maximum health in his environment.
Source: Nurse Test A Review Series Fundamentals of Nursing by Olsen et. al, p. 37
