HESI ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY
GUIDE
A natomy: is what you see with your eyes in the human body
M icroscopic Anatomy: examines cells and molecules
❖ C CYTOLOGY: study of cells
HISTOLOGY: study of tissues
❖ H
P hysiology: is the study of functions of anatomical structures
*Smallest living is a CELL
*Smallest organism is an ATOM
L evels of Hierarchy
A tom- the most basic complete unit of an element
M olecule- a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit
of a chemical
compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
O rganelles- are cells parts that function within a cell
C ells- the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things created. Is one
individual cell.
T issues- a group of cells with similar structure that functions together as a unit, but at a
lower level than organs
O rgan- a self contained part of an organism that performs specific functions. Is formed by
two or more
similar tissues.
O rgan System- functional groups of organs that work together within the body:
circulatory,
integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic,
muscular and nervous.
➢ Humans have 11 Organ Systems
C ell Structures
● N
● C
● R ● M
● C
● G ● C
● V
,ucleus membrane- separate internal and external cellular environment; allows material to
- holds enter/exit
the
cells
DNA in
form of
chroma
tin
iboso
mes-
small
structur
es that
build
protein
s
olgi
Appar
atus-
modifie
s and
packag
es
protein
s
secrete
d from
cell
acuole
s-
storage
,
digestio
n, and
waste
remova
l
ytoske
letal-
series
of rod
shaped
protein
s that
provide
shape/s
upport
cell
icrotu
bules-
part of
the
cytosk
eletal
ytosol-
liquid
materia
l in cell
ell
, ● E ndoplasmic Reticulum- smooth or rough transport system of the cell
● M itochondria- generates ATP powerhouse of the cell. ATP production is called
cellular
respiration
A nimal Cells
C entrosome- pairs of centrioles involved in mitosis
C entriole- cylinders involved in cellular digestion
L ysosomes- the purpose of the lysosomes is to digest things. They might be used to
digest food or break down the cell when it dies
C ilia- cause cell to move
F lagella- whip tail to move cell
T ISSUES:
→ Group of CELLS.
→ Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective.
1. . Epithelial: (joined together tightly) Example. Skin
2. . Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) Example. Tissue, Cartilage, Tendons,
Ligaments, Fat, Blood, Lymph.
➢ It protects and binds body parts.
a. Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support
→ Fibrous
b. Blood: transport oxygen to cells and removes waste. Also carries hormones
and defends against disease.
c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells
3. . Muscle: supports and move body
➢ Smooth
➢ Cardiac
➢ Skeletal
4. . Nervous: Example. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
➢ Neurons: control responses to changes in environment.
M itosis - it has 4 phases. Pink MAT / Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
I nterphase - Cell prepares for division by replicating genetic/cytoplasmic material.
P rophase - Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to
disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form.
M etaphase - Spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along center of
spindle
structure.
, A naphase - Chromosome pairs pull apart into daughter chromosomes.
T elophase - Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms or is pinched.
C ytokinesis - Physical splitting of cell.
M eiosis- same as mitosis except happens twice, results in four daughter cells instead of
two. Mature
haploid male and female germ cell uniting in sexual reproduction.
➢ Gametes in female = Egg
➢ Gametes in Male = Sperm
➢ Meiosis is when gametes produce a zygote
Z ygote: controls cell differentiation. It forms during fertilization. The cells from each
parent that combine to form a zygote are called gametes. Zygote is the first stage of
reproduction.
1. . Respiratory System
• main functions are the critical tasks of transporting oxygen from the atmosphere
into the body’s cell and moving carbon dioxide in the other direction.
N asal Cavity - air passage that warms, moistens, and filters air, and also contains
olfactory receptors.
Medially divided by the nasal septum.
E xternal Nares - the visible ‘nostrils’ that are the entrances into the nasal cavity
T he Larynx - air passage that connects the pharynx to the trachea, composed of
individual cartilages, mostly hyaline. Commonly called the voice box for its additional
function of voice production.
E piglottis - the only elastic cartilage, blocks entrance to the larynx during swallowing,
ensuring food only enters the esophagus.
L ungs -Paired organs that are highly compartmentalized into small air sacs called
alveoli. Also contain elastic tissue to facilitate ventilation.
A lveoli – the individual lung compartments where gas exchange with blood occurs.
• Type 2 cells - cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant, which reduces the surface
tension of water
to prevent alveolar collapse.
B ronchi – the main passageways directly attached to the lungs.
B ronchioles- small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
R ight Lung - divided into upper, middle, and lower lobes by the horizontal fissure and
oblique fissure
respectively.
GUIDE
A natomy: is what you see with your eyes in the human body
M icroscopic Anatomy: examines cells and molecules
❖ C CYTOLOGY: study of cells
HISTOLOGY: study of tissues
❖ H
P hysiology: is the study of functions of anatomical structures
*Smallest living is a CELL
*Smallest organism is an ATOM
L evels of Hierarchy
A tom- the most basic complete unit of an element
M olecule- a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit
of a chemical
compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
O rganelles- are cells parts that function within a cell
C ells- the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things created. Is one
individual cell.
T issues- a group of cells with similar structure that functions together as a unit, but at a
lower level than organs
O rgan- a self contained part of an organism that performs specific functions. Is formed by
two or more
similar tissues.
O rgan System- functional groups of organs that work together within the body:
circulatory,
integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic,
muscular and nervous.
➢ Humans have 11 Organ Systems
C ell Structures
● N
● C
● R ● M
● C
● G ● C
● V
,ucleus membrane- separate internal and external cellular environment; allows material to
- holds enter/exit
the
cells
DNA in
form of
chroma
tin
iboso
mes-
small
structur
es that
build
protein
s
olgi
Appar
atus-
modifie
s and
packag
es
protein
s
secrete
d from
cell
acuole
s-
storage
,
digestio
n, and
waste
remova
l
ytoske
letal-
series
of rod
shaped
protein
s that
provide
shape/s
upport
cell
icrotu
bules-
part of
the
cytosk
eletal
ytosol-
liquid
materia
l in cell
ell
, ● E ndoplasmic Reticulum- smooth or rough transport system of the cell
● M itochondria- generates ATP powerhouse of the cell. ATP production is called
cellular
respiration
A nimal Cells
C entrosome- pairs of centrioles involved in mitosis
C entriole- cylinders involved in cellular digestion
L ysosomes- the purpose of the lysosomes is to digest things. They might be used to
digest food or break down the cell when it dies
C ilia- cause cell to move
F lagella- whip tail to move cell
T ISSUES:
→ Group of CELLS.
→ Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective.
1. . Epithelial: (joined together tightly) Example. Skin
2. . Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) Example. Tissue, Cartilage, Tendons,
Ligaments, Fat, Blood, Lymph.
➢ It protects and binds body parts.
a. Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support
→ Fibrous
b. Blood: transport oxygen to cells and removes waste. Also carries hormones
and defends against disease.
c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells
3. . Muscle: supports and move body
➢ Smooth
➢ Cardiac
➢ Skeletal
4. . Nervous: Example. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
➢ Neurons: control responses to changes in environment.
M itosis - it has 4 phases. Pink MAT / Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
I nterphase - Cell prepares for division by replicating genetic/cytoplasmic material.
P rophase - Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to
disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form.
M etaphase - Spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along center of
spindle
structure.
, A naphase - Chromosome pairs pull apart into daughter chromosomes.
T elophase - Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms or is pinched.
C ytokinesis - Physical splitting of cell.
M eiosis- same as mitosis except happens twice, results in four daughter cells instead of
two. Mature
haploid male and female germ cell uniting in sexual reproduction.
➢ Gametes in female = Egg
➢ Gametes in Male = Sperm
➢ Meiosis is when gametes produce a zygote
Z ygote: controls cell differentiation. It forms during fertilization. The cells from each
parent that combine to form a zygote are called gametes. Zygote is the first stage of
reproduction.
1. . Respiratory System
• main functions are the critical tasks of transporting oxygen from the atmosphere
into the body’s cell and moving carbon dioxide in the other direction.
N asal Cavity - air passage that warms, moistens, and filters air, and also contains
olfactory receptors.
Medially divided by the nasal septum.
E xternal Nares - the visible ‘nostrils’ that are the entrances into the nasal cavity
T he Larynx - air passage that connects the pharynx to the trachea, composed of
individual cartilages, mostly hyaline. Commonly called the voice box for its additional
function of voice production.
E piglottis - the only elastic cartilage, blocks entrance to the larynx during swallowing,
ensuring food only enters the esophagus.
L ungs -Paired organs that are highly compartmentalized into small air sacs called
alveoli. Also contain elastic tissue to facilitate ventilation.
A lveoli – the individual lung compartments where gas exchange with blood occurs.
• Type 2 cells - cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant, which reduces the surface
tension of water
to prevent alveolar collapse.
B ronchi – the main passageways directly attached to the lungs.
B ronchioles- small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
R ight Lung - divided into upper, middle, and lower lobes by the horizontal fissure and
oblique fissure
respectively.
