PHARMACOLOGY NURSING
MATERNITY
,1. How does the term pharmacology differ from the term clinical
pharmacology? Give examples of how nurses utilize pharmacology in
clinical practice. Answer:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action Clinical
pharmacology is operationally defined as a translational discipline in terms of the basic tools of human
pharmacology (e.g. how nurses utilize pharmacology they are used in drug discovery and development
and in solving practical therapeutic problems in individuals and populations.
2. Briefly describe the phases involved in each step of developing and approving a new drug in the
United States. Answer:
American consumers benefit from having access to the safest and most advanced pharmaceutical system
in the world. The main consumer watchdog in this system is FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and
Research (CDER).The center's best-known job is to evaluate new drugs before they can be sold. CDER's
evaluation not only prevents quackery, but also provides doctors and patients the information they need
to use medicines wisely. The center ensures that drugs, both brand-name and generic, work correctly
and that their health benefits outweigh their known risks. Drug companies seeking to sell a drug in the
United States must first test it. The company then sends CDER the evidence from these tests to prove the
drug is safe and effective for its intended use.
Drug Review Steps
Preclinical (animal) testing.
An investigational new drug application (IND) outlines what the sponsor of a new drug proposes for
human testing in clinical trials.
Phase 1 studies (typically involve 20 to 80 people).
Phase 2 studies (typically involve a few dozen to about 300 people).
Phase 3 studies (typically involve several hundred to about 3,000 people).
The pre-NDA period, just before a new drug application (NDA) is submitted. A common time for the FDA
and drug sponsors to meet.
Submission of an NDA is the formal step asking the FDA to consider a drug for marketing approval.
After an NDA is received, the FDA has 60 days to decide whether to file it so it can be reviewed.
If the FDA files the NDA, an FDA review team is assigned to evaluate the sponsor's research on the drug's
safety and effectiveness.
,The FDA reviews information that goes on a drug's professional labeling (information on how to use the
drug).
Group Assignment
OTC Benefits: They save the consumers money as they are often cheaper them prescription medications,
They are easy to access you can pretty much get them at any retailer, on need to go to a doctor and pay
him and them pay for the medication.
OTC Risks: Adverse side effects, Over dose of medication, misuse of medication.
Clinical Assignment
CA 1) Patient Mr Jones Chlordiazepoxide (generic) Librium (brand-name) 25 mg 2) Ibuprofen (generic)
Motrin
CA 2) Protect controlled substances a) there is a one key system in place where in one nurse takes
possession of the key to the control locked med cart per shift. b) there is a sign out log for each
medication given that includes patient information, doctors information, time, date, and amount, c)
count is done by on coming and outgoing nurse at shift change d) audit is done monthly
Web Assignment
Web 1) Section 821. Rules and regulations
Section 822. Persons required to register
Section 823. Registration requirements
Section 824. Denial, revocation, or suspension of registration
Section 825. Labeling and packaging
Chapter 3 Toxic Effects of Drugs
a. Explain the reasons for an adverse drug reaction. Diphenhydramine does don't discriminate between
which histamine receptors they block. They can cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit one of the other
functions of histamines — that is, the pivotal role they play in regulating sleep and wakefulness. This
disruption of the action of histamines in the brain results in drowsiness.
b. Is this patient allergic to diphenhydramine? Explain. No. this is a side effect not an allergic reation.
c. Discuss the four types of allergic reactions.
, Anaphylactic Reaction- is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.It typically
causes a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure. Common
causes include insect bites and stings, foods, and medications. On a mechanistic level, anaphylaxis is
caused by the release of mediators from certain types of white blood cells triggered by either
immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms. Clinicians diagnose the condition on the basis of the
presenting symptoms and signs. The primary treatment is injection of epinephrine, the administration of
intravenous fluids, and positioning the person flat, with other measures being complementary.
Cytotoxic Reaction- the antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the patient's
own cell surfaces.
Serum Sickness Reaction- in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human
animal source, occurring 4–10 days after exposure. It is a type of hypersensitivity, specifically immune
complex hypersensitivity (type III).
Delayed Allergic Reaction- a reaction of cellular immunity, named in contrast to immediate
hypersensitivity reactions because its onset is 24 to 72 hours after the antigenic challenge. The term is
usually used to denote the subset of type IV hypersensitivity reactions involving cytokine release and
macrophage activation, as opposed to direct cytolysis, but can be used more broadly, sometimes even as
a synonym for type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
a. Describe the treatment interventions for an anaphylactic reaction.- . The primary treatment is
injection of epinephrine, the administration of intravenous fluids, and positioning the person flat.
a. Explain poisoning by a medication.- Poisoning occurs when any substance interferes with normal body
functions after it is swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed. The branch of medicine that deals with
the detection and treatment of poisons is known as toxicology
b. What assessment findings are frequently seen with hypokalemia? Hypokalemia is generally defined as
a serum potassium level of less than 3.5mEq/L (3.5 ml/L). Severe hypokalemia is a level of less than 2.5
mEq/L. Weakness and fatigue (most common), Muscle cramps and pain (severe cases), Worsening
diabetes control or polyuria, Palpitations, and Psychological symptoms ( psychosis, delirium,
hallucinations, depression)
• c. Describe the nursing interventions for this patient. Reduction of potassium losses
• Replenishment of potassium stores
• Evaluation for potential toxicities
• Determination of the cause to prevent future episodes, if possible Discontinue diuretics/laxatives
• Use potassium-sparing diuretics if diuretic therapy is required ( severe heart failure)
• Treat diarrhea or vomiting
MATERNITY
,1. How does the term pharmacology differ from the term clinical
pharmacology? Give examples of how nurses utilize pharmacology in
clinical practice. Answer:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action Clinical
pharmacology is operationally defined as a translational discipline in terms of the basic tools of human
pharmacology (e.g. how nurses utilize pharmacology they are used in drug discovery and development
and in solving practical therapeutic problems in individuals and populations.
2. Briefly describe the phases involved in each step of developing and approving a new drug in the
United States. Answer:
American consumers benefit from having access to the safest and most advanced pharmaceutical system
in the world. The main consumer watchdog in this system is FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and
Research (CDER).The center's best-known job is to evaluate new drugs before they can be sold. CDER's
evaluation not only prevents quackery, but also provides doctors and patients the information they need
to use medicines wisely. The center ensures that drugs, both brand-name and generic, work correctly
and that their health benefits outweigh their known risks. Drug companies seeking to sell a drug in the
United States must first test it. The company then sends CDER the evidence from these tests to prove the
drug is safe and effective for its intended use.
Drug Review Steps
Preclinical (animal) testing.
An investigational new drug application (IND) outlines what the sponsor of a new drug proposes for
human testing in clinical trials.
Phase 1 studies (typically involve 20 to 80 people).
Phase 2 studies (typically involve a few dozen to about 300 people).
Phase 3 studies (typically involve several hundred to about 3,000 people).
The pre-NDA period, just before a new drug application (NDA) is submitted. A common time for the FDA
and drug sponsors to meet.
Submission of an NDA is the formal step asking the FDA to consider a drug for marketing approval.
After an NDA is received, the FDA has 60 days to decide whether to file it so it can be reviewed.
If the FDA files the NDA, an FDA review team is assigned to evaluate the sponsor's research on the drug's
safety and effectiveness.
,The FDA reviews information that goes on a drug's professional labeling (information on how to use the
drug).
Group Assignment
OTC Benefits: They save the consumers money as they are often cheaper them prescription medications,
They are easy to access you can pretty much get them at any retailer, on need to go to a doctor and pay
him and them pay for the medication.
OTC Risks: Adverse side effects, Over dose of medication, misuse of medication.
Clinical Assignment
CA 1) Patient Mr Jones Chlordiazepoxide (generic) Librium (brand-name) 25 mg 2) Ibuprofen (generic)
Motrin
CA 2) Protect controlled substances a) there is a one key system in place where in one nurse takes
possession of the key to the control locked med cart per shift. b) there is a sign out log for each
medication given that includes patient information, doctors information, time, date, and amount, c)
count is done by on coming and outgoing nurse at shift change d) audit is done monthly
Web Assignment
Web 1) Section 821. Rules and regulations
Section 822. Persons required to register
Section 823. Registration requirements
Section 824. Denial, revocation, or suspension of registration
Section 825. Labeling and packaging
Chapter 3 Toxic Effects of Drugs
a. Explain the reasons for an adverse drug reaction. Diphenhydramine does don't discriminate between
which histamine receptors they block. They can cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit one of the other
functions of histamines — that is, the pivotal role they play in regulating sleep and wakefulness. This
disruption of the action of histamines in the brain results in drowsiness.
b. Is this patient allergic to diphenhydramine? Explain. No. this is a side effect not an allergic reation.
c. Discuss the four types of allergic reactions.
, Anaphylactic Reaction- is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.It typically
causes a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure. Common
causes include insect bites and stings, foods, and medications. On a mechanistic level, anaphylaxis is
caused by the release of mediators from certain types of white blood cells triggered by either
immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms. Clinicians diagnose the condition on the basis of the
presenting symptoms and signs. The primary treatment is injection of epinephrine, the administration of
intravenous fluids, and positioning the person flat, with other measures being complementary.
Cytotoxic Reaction- the antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the patient's
own cell surfaces.
Serum Sickness Reaction- in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human
animal source, occurring 4–10 days after exposure. It is a type of hypersensitivity, specifically immune
complex hypersensitivity (type III).
Delayed Allergic Reaction- a reaction of cellular immunity, named in contrast to immediate
hypersensitivity reactions because its onset is 24 to 72 hours after the antigenic challenge. The term is
usually used to denote the subset of type IV hypersensitivity reactions involving cytokine release and
macrophage activation, as opposed to direct cytolysis, but can be used more broadly, sometimes even as
a synonym for type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
a. Describe the treatment interventions for an anaphylactic reaction.- . The primary treatment is
injection of epinephrine, the administration of intravenous fluids, and positioning the person flat.
a. Explain poisoning by a medication.- Poisoning occurs when any substance interferes with normal body
functions after it is swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed. The branch of medicine that deals with
the detection and treatment of poisons is known as toxicology
b. What assessment findings are frequently seen with hypokalemia? Hypokalemia is generally defined as
a serum potassium level of less than 3.5mEq/L (3.5 ml/L). Severe hypokalemia is a level of less than 2.5
mEq/L. Weakness and fatigue (most common), Muscle cramps and pain (severe cases), Worsening
diabetes control or polyuria, Palpitations, and Psychological symptoms ( psychosis, delirium,
hallucinations, depression)
• c. Describe the nursing interventions for this patient. Reduction of potassium losses
• Replenishment of potassium stores
• Evaluation for potential toxicities
• Determination of the cause to prevent future episodes, if possible Discontinue diuretics/laxatives
• Use potassium-sparing diuretics if diuretic therapy is required ( severe heart failure)
• Treat diarrhea or vomiting
