Question 1
0.125 out of 0.125 points
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
Selected Answer: c. aldosterone.
Correct Answer: c. aldosterone.
Response Aldosterone results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss
Feedback: in the urine. It does not affect blood glucose. Cortisol is a
glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol stimulates
gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose.
Norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood
sugar. Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and
inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood glucose.
Question 2
0 out of 0.125 points
The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
Selected Answer: c. Rb.
Correct Answer: b. P53.
Response The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer
Feedback: cells involves P53. More than half of all types of human tumors lack
functional P53, which inhibits cell cycling. Rb, DC, and APC are not
the most common tumor-suppressor gene defects identified in cancer
cells.
Question 3
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
Selected Answer: d. liquefactive
Correct Answer: d. liquefactive
, Response Liquefactive necrosis is produced when brain tissue dies, as it is rich
Feedback: in enzymes and has little connective tissue. Coagulative necrosis
occurs from ischemic injury in any tissue. Caseous necrosis occurs in
lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis. Fat necrosis occurs in adipose
(fat) tissue.
Question 4
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two
packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and
she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for
development of lung cancer in this patient is
Selected Answer: b. cigarette smoking.
Correct Answer: b. cigarette smoking.
Response The most likely contributing factor for the development of lung
Feedback: cancer is cigarette smoking. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of
compounds, many of which have known genotoxicity and probably
serve as initiators. Tobacco smoke also contains promoters, which
spur the mutant cells to proliferate. Although a high-fat diet, urban
pollutants, and a stressful lifestyle have been implicated in some
types of cancer, they are not the likely contributing factor in your
patient’s lung cancer.
Question 5
0.125 out of 0.125 points
In general, with aging, organ size and function
Selected Answer: a. decrease.
Correct Answer: a. decrease.
Response Feedback: In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
Question 6
0.125 out of 0.125 points
, The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be
because of
Selected Answer: a. tumor necrosis factor.
Correct Answer: a. tumor necrosis factor.
Response Production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune
Feedback: cytokines is thought to be important in producing the hypermetabolic
state leading to cachexia in cancer. Angiogenesis is the development
of new blood vessels to feed the tumor; it is not a cause of the
hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer. Loss of
ATP production and pain medications is not causes of the
hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer.
Question 7
0.125 out of 0.125 points
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
Selected Answer: d. hypertrophy.
Correct Answer: d. hypertrophy.
Response Increased function of an organ such as the heart or skeletal muscle
Feedback: results in organ hypertrophy because of cellular enlargement.
Atrophy refers to reduction in size of an organ because of cellular
shrinkage. Metaplasia refers to replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another. Inflammation results from immune response rather
than workload.
Question 8
0.125 out of 0.125 points
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes
are well established, is referred to as
Selected Answer: c. subclinical.
Correct Answer: c. subclinical.
Response The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the
Feedback: disease processes are well established, is called the subclinical stage.
, The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and
the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent
period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The
prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first
signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence
is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
Question 9
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except
Selected Answer: d. allostasis.
Correct Answer: d. allostasis.
Response Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to
Feedback: challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in response to stress.
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress
response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome.
Question 10
0.125 out of 0.125 points
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy,
which will
Selected Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells.
Correct Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells.
Response Chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cells. Chemotherapy does not
Feedback: selectively kill tumor cells, but affects all rapidly dividing cells.
Chemotherapy has many damaging side effects. Immunotherapy uses
the power of the immune system and has the potential for targeting
cancer cells.
Question 11
0.125 out of 0.125 points
0.125 out of 0.125 points
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
Selected Answer: c. aldosterone.
Correct Answer: c. aldosterone.
Response Aldosterone results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss
Feedback: in the urine. It does not affect blood glucose. Cortisol is a
glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol stimulates
gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose.
Norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood
sugar. Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and
inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood glucose.
Question 2
0 out of 0.125 points
The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
Selected Answer: c. Rb.
Correct Answer: b. P53.
Response The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer
Feedback: cells involves P53. More than half of all types of human tumors lack
functional P53, which inhibits cell cycling. Rb, DC, and APC are not
the most common tumor-suppressor gene defects identified in cancer
cells.
Question 3
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
Selected Answer: d. liquefactive
Correct Answer: d. liquefactive
, Response Liquefactive necrosis is produced when brain tissue dies, as it is rich
Feedback: in enzymes and has little connective tissue. Coagulative necrosis
occurs from ischemic injury in any tissue. Caseous necrosis occurs in
lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis. Fat necrosis occurs in adipose
(fat) tissue.
Question 4
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two
packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and
she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for
development of lung cancer in this patient is
Selected Answer: b. cigarette smoking.
Correct Answer: b. cigarette smoking.
Response The most likely contributing factor for the development of lung
Feedback: cancer is cigarette smoking. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of
compounds, many of which have known genotoxicity and probably
serve as initiators. Tobacco smoke also contains promoters, which
spur the mutant cells to proliferate. Although a high-fat diet, urban
pollutants, and a stressful lifestyle have been implicated in some
types of cancer, they are not the likely contributing factor in your
patient’s lung cancer.
Question 5
0.125 out of 0.125 points
In general, with aging, organ size and function
Selected Answer: a. decrease.
Correct Answer: a. decrease.
Response Feedback: In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
Question 6
0.125 out of 0.125 points
, The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be
because of
Selected Answer: a. tumor necrosis factor.
Correct Answer: a. tumor necrosis factor.
Response Production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other immune
Feedback: cytokines is thought to be important in producing the hypermetabolic
state leading to cachexia in cancer. Angiogenesis is the development
of new blood vessels to feed the tumor; it is not a cause of the
hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer. Loss of
ATP production and pain medications is not causes of the
hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer.
Question 7
0.125 out of 0.125 points
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
Selected Answer: d. hypertrophy.
Correct Answer: d. hypertrophy.
Response Increased function of an organ such as the heart or skeletal muscle
Feedback: results in organ hypertrophy because of cellular enlargement.
Atrophy refers to reduction in size of an organ because of cellular
shrinkage. Metaplasia refers to replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another. Inflammation results from immune response rather
than workload.
Question 8
0.125 out of 0.125 points
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes
are well established, is referred to as
Selected Answer: c. subclinical.
Correct Answer: c. subclinical.
Response The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the
Feedback: disease processes are well established, is called the subclinical stage.
, The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and
the first appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent
period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The
prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first
signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence
is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
Question 9
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except
Selected Answer: d. allostasis.
Correct Answer: d. allostasis.
Response Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to
Feedback: challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in response to stress.
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress
response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome.
Question 10
0.125 out of 0.125 points
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy,
which will
Selected Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells.
Correct Answer: a. kill rapidly dividing cells.
Response Chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cells. Chemotherapy does not
Feedback: selectively kill tumor cells, but affects all rapidly dividing cells.
Chemotherapy has many damaging side effects. Immunotherapy uses
the power of the immune system and has the potential for targeting
cancer cells.
Question 11
0.125 out of 0.125 points
