SCIN138 Week 8 Final Exam Questions And Answers( With Complete Solution)

SCIN138 Week 8 Final Exam Part 1 of 4 - 50.0/ 52.0 Points Question 1 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points In the rock cycle, what processes directly link igneous rocks to metamorphic rocks? • A. weathering and erosion • B. recrystallization by high heat and pressure • C. melting and crystallization • D. deposition and lithification • E. compaction and cementation Question 2 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points A coarse-grained (phaneritic texture) igneous rock formed . • A. on the surface of the earth in an explosive eruption • B. deep under the surface of the earth • C. due to erosion, frost wedging, and weathering • D. by immense direct pressure and heat • E. on the surface of the earth in a quiet (effusive) eruption Question 3 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Where do we generally find the most quantity of explosive volcanic eruptions? • A. Transform plate boundary • B. Ocean island hotspots • C. Subduction zone boundary • D. Mid-oceanic ridges • E. Divergent plate boundary Question 4 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points The number one factor causing landslides is (are) . • A. freeze-thaw cycles • B. precipitation • C. volcanic eruptions • D. earthquakes • E. glaciation Question 5 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points In the scientific method, a hypothesis is , and a theory is . • A. a tentative untested explanation ; well tested and widely accepted explanation • B. an educated guess ; a law that has been universally accepted by the scientific community • C. a tentative untested explanation ; a law that has been universally accepted by the scientific community • D. an objective observation ; an idea that hasn’t been proven • E. an educated guess ; a tentative untested explanation Feedback:01.1 Question 6 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points Where would you expect both shallow and deep earthquakes in which the deeper earthquakes are located farther inland? • A. At a convergent plate boundary such as along the west coast of South America. • B. At a transform boundary along the San Andreas fault in California. • C. At a divergent plate boundary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. • D. At a divergent plate boundary in the middle of a continental plate such as Africa’s Great Rift Valley. • E. At a transform plate boundary anywhere in the world. Question 7 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Shield volcanoes consist of . • A. Explosive pyroclastic material and low viscosity lava flows. • B. Alternating layers of cinders and ash embedded in silica-rich lava flows. • C. Mostly low viscosity basalt flows with a lower silica content. • D. Alternating layers of silica-rich rocks and intrusive igneous rocks such as basalt. • E. A combination of granitic lava and pyroclastic material with some rhyolite. Question 8 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Where is the top of the asthenosphere closest to the earth’s surface? • A. Underneath a mid-ocean ridge • B. Underneath a collision zone • C. Next to a subduction zone • D. Underneath a transform fault • E. In the center of continental plates (craton) Question 9 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points The Precambrian Era is the time before abundant multicellular life with hard parts evolved. This time interval represents what percentage of earth’s history? • A. 12% • B. 1% • C. 88% • D. 50% • E. 99% Question 10 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points In terms of groundwater resources, what properties make the best aquifer? • A. High porosity and high permeability • B. High porosity and no permeability • C. High porosity and low permeability • D. Low porosity and high permeability • E. Low porosity and low permeability Question 11 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points The map below shows continental land as green and brown, the depth of the ocean floor in blue, and tectonic plate boundaries as colored lines. Evaluate this geologic evidence to determine which location would most likely require adequate tsunami preparedness. • A. A • B. D • C. C • D. B Question 12 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points The primary basis for classifying detrital (clastic) rocks is , whereas the primary basis for classifying chemical rocks is . • A. sorting ; density • B. particle shape ; trace elements • C. rock type ; rounding • D. particle size ; mineral composition • E. crystalline structure ; sorting Question 13 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What evidence did Alfred Wegener use for his hypothesis of continental drift? • A. paleomagnetic patterns on either side of the mid-oceanic ridge • B. trenches and subduction zones • C. similar rocks and fossils on distant continents • D. mid-oceanic ridges and the age marine rocks • E. earthquake patterns and GPS measurements Question 14 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What information is needed to determine the distance from the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismic receiving station? • A. The magnitude of the earthquake • B. The difference between the amplitude of the seismic waves • C. The transverse nature of the s-wave • D. The time interval between the P and S waves • E. The amplitude of the seismic waves on a seismogram Question 15 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points When going from a magnitude 5 to a magnitude 6 earthquake on the Richter magnitude scale, what is the increase in seismic wave amplitude? • A. 1 • B. 2 • C. 10 • D. 100 • E. 0.5 Question 16 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Scientific conclusions are based on . • A. only quantitative data • B. public consensus • C. polling of experts • D. objective evidence and experiments • E. subjective evidence and ancient books Feedback:01.2 Question 17 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which type of faulting is most dangerous in Utah? • A. Normal • B. Thrust • C. Transform • D. Reverse • E. Strike-slip Question 18 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which of the following is the most significant natural cause of climate change in the last 2 million years? • A. Solar flares • B. Volcanic eruptions • C. Milankovitch cycles • D. Burning of fossil fuels • E. Photosynthesis Question 19 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points James Hutton’s statement that “the present is the key to the past” (uniformitarianism) is demonstrated by . • A. gravity being a recent phenomenon and not changing metamorphic rocks in the past • B. the Earth’s landscapes are fixed and have not changed • C. ancient sedimentary rocks formed by similar processes as are observed today • D. the volcano that erupted last year on August 15 will occur every 10 years on that date • E. the fact that our human ancestors hunted dinosaurs for millennia Feedback:01.3 Question 20 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points When the radiometric clock starts ticking in zircon minerals, there is only 100% of the unstable radiometric parent isotope X and 0% of the stable daughter isotope Y. After testing in a lab millions of years later, there is 25% of the parent radiometric isotope and 75% of the daughter isotope. How many half lives have elapsed? • A. 0.25 • B. 3 • C. 1 • D. 0.5 • E. 2 Question 21 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which of the following surficial processes results in the most poorly sorted sediments? • A. deep marine • B. ocean waves • C. glaciers • D. wind • E. rivers Question 22 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Refer to the image of a meandering stream shown here. At which site along the stream would stream erosion be the most active? • A. D and B • B. A and C • C. B and C • D. C and D • E. A and E Question 23 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Pyroclastic flows are more associated with . • A. cinder cones • B. ocean hot spots • C. stratovolcanoes • D. shield volcanoes • E. flood basalts Question 24 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which best explains the processes at the mid-oceanic ridge? • A. Plates converge destroying old crust • B. Plates diverge destroying old crust • C. Plates converge creating new crust • D. Plates diverge creating new crust • E. Plates slide past each other destroying old crust Question 25 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Applying the principles of relative age-dating to the diagram, which of the following is TRUE. Explanation of the diagram: "A" represents an unconformity (erosional surface), "B" is a basaltic dike, "C" is a shale formation, "D" is a sandstone formation, "E" is a limestone formation, "F" represents a thrust fault. • A. F is YOUNGER than A • B. A is YOUNGER than C • C. B is OLDER than F • D. E is OLDER than B • E. D is YOUNGER than C Question 26 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Folds like anticlines and synclines are most associated with . • A. Erosion • B. Tectonic extension • C. Tectonic compression • D. Volcanism • E. Tectonic shear Part 2 of 4 - Final Exam Midterm Questions 26.0/ 28.0 Points Question 27 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which mineral property is essentially a measure of how tight the atoms are packed together? • A. Magnetism • B. Streak • C. Color • D. Luster • E. Hardness Question 28 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points If you plot global earthquake and volcano locations on a map, what would be the most obvious thing you would notice? • A. They would outline plate tectonic boundaries • B. They would be concentrated around the poles • C. They would be concentrated in the summer time • D. They would be concentrated around the equator • E. They would be randomly distributed Question 29 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What two things are you usually trying to figure out when looking at metamorphic facies and a series of index minerals in a metamorphic rock? • A. Pressure and cooling history • B. Protolith and temperature • C. Speed of heating and protolith • D. Fluid composition and protolith • E. Temperature and pressure of formation Question 30 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points As a continental rift continues to open wider and wider, which plate tectonic boundary is likely to develop at that location? • A. Subduction zone • B. Hot spot • C. Mid-ocean ridge • D. Transform fault • E. Continental collision Question 31 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which step in the rock cycle always has to be directly before sedimentary rocks in order for them to form? • A. Heat and pressure • B. Cooling • C. Melting • D. Crystallization • E. Deposition Question 32 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points What typically and most commonly creates limestone and other related carbonate rocks? • A. Freezing of water • B. Plankton and other ocean organisms • C. Sediment piling up • D. Sediment weathering • E. Deep ocean currents Question 33 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which is the process that glues sediments together, helping them turn into rocks? • A. Weathering • B. Deposition • C. Compaction • D. Erosion • E. Cementation Question 34 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points How do you recognize an intrusive igneous rock? • A. Large visable crystals throughout • B. Glass and other fine-grained material throughout • C. Both glass and crystals present • D. Vesicles (gas bubbles) formed • E. Jet-black texture from microscopic crystals Question 35 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What do all minerals have in common? • A. Crystal structure • B. Harder than fingernail • C. Cleavage • D. Formed from magma • E. Organic Question 36 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which type of magma produces slow-moving lava flows, explosive eruptions, steep-sided volcanoes, and typically granitic rocks? • A. High pressure • B. Deep-forming • C. Shallow-forming • D. High temperature • E. High silica Question 37 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Lahars are formed when which two factors are combined? • A. Steam, rainfall • B. Steam, magma • C. Ash, rainfall • D. Ash, magma • E. Magma, rainfall Question 38 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Mafic minerals, as a group, are known for what property? • A. Low density • B. Dark color • C. Lacking cleavage • D. High hardness • E. Pearly luster Question 39 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points When comparing the protolith to the metamorphic rock that was formed after metamorphism, the chemical composition of the protolith is usually when compared to the metamorphic rock. • A. higher in carbonate • B. lower in silica • C. lower in carbonate • D. higher in silica • E. about the same Question 40 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which combination of factors produces steep-sided, explosive volcanism and the most dangerous volcanic hazards? Volatiles=dissolved gases like water, carbon dioxide • A. Medium viscosity and medium volatiles • B. Low viscosity and low volatiles • C. Low viscosity and high volatiles • D. High viscosity and high volatiles • E. High viscosity and low volatiles Part 3 of 4 - Final Exam Geological Resources 10.0/ 10.0 Points Question 41 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which fossil fuel is typically composed of higher alkanes such as methane? • A. natural gas • B. oil • C. swamp gas • D. coal Question 42 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Acid mine drainage contains high amounts of . • A. carbon. • B. nitrogen. • C. sulfur. • D. silica Rationale: Question 43 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Buried and decomposed terrestrial plant life are more likely to become . • A. future uranium reserves • B. future natural gas reserves. • C. future coal reserves. • D. future oil reserves. Question 44 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points If an energy is able to replenish itself on a human time scale, it is considered . • A. non-viable. • B. renewable. • C. non-renewable. • D. unlimited Question 45 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Skarn deposits are most likely to contain which mineral resources? • A. zinc, salt, and gold • B. zinc, copper, and gold • C. zinc, chromite, and gold • D. zinc, diamonds, and gold Part 4 of 4 - Earth History 10.0/ 10.0 Points Question 46 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What age are most of the Earth’s cratons? • A. Archean • B. Mesozoic • C. Proterozoic • D. Paleozoic Question 47 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Where do carbon and iron come from? • A. The big bang • B. Black holes • C. Supernova • D. Star fusion Question 48 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What important evolutionary advance did NOT occur in the Paleozoic? • A. First jaws • B. First mammals • C. First shells • D. First trees Question 49 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What was the definitive event that killed the dinosaurs? • A. Volcanic eruptions in India • B. Meteorite impact in Mexico • C. Lowering sea level worldwide • D. Cold and glaciers in Gondwana Question 50 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points This time period is known for: first hard parts, a huge evolutionary explosion of diversification, first chordates. The abundance of fossils starting here is so different from older rocks, that the older rocks are all lumped together. What is the name of this time period? • A. Cambrian Feedback: • B. Anthropocene • C. Jurassic • D. Permian