ERSC181 Week 8 Final Exam Questions And Answers( With Complete Solution)

ERSC181 Week 8 Final Exam Part 1 of 4 - 50.0/ 52.0 Points Question 1 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points When going from a magnitude 5 to a magnitude 6 earthquake on the Richter magnitude scale, what is the increase in seismic wave amplitude? • A. 100 • B. 2 • C. 0.5 • D. 10 • E. 1 Question 2 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which of the following surficial processes results in the most poorly sorted sediments? • A. wind • B. rivers • C. deep marine • D. glaciers • E. ocean waves Question 3 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Applying the principles of relative age-dating to the diagram, which of the following is TRUE. Explanation of the diagram: "A" represents an unconformity (erosional surface), "B" is a basaltic dike, "C" is a shale formation, "D" is a sandstone formation, "E" is a limestone formation, "F" represents a thrust fault. • A. A is YOUNGER than C • B. F is YOUNGER than A • C. E is OLDER than B • D. D is YOUNGER than C • E. B is OLDER than F Question 4 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Folds like anticlines and synclines are most associated with . • A. Volcanism • B. Tectonic extension • C. Erosion • D. Tectonic shear • E. Tectonic compression Question 5 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points The Precambrian Era is the time before abundant multicellular life with hard parts evolved. This time interval represents what percentage of earth’s history? • A. 1% • B. 50% • C. 88% • D. 12% • E. 99% Question 6 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points In the scientific method, a hypothesis is , and a theory is . • A. a tentative untested explanation ; well tested and widely accepted explanation • B. an objective observation ; an idea that hasn’t been proven • C. an educated guess ; a tentative untested explanation • D. a tentative untested explanation ; a law that has been universally accepted by the scientific community • E. an educated guess ; a law that has been universally accepted by the scientific community Feedback: 01.1 Question 7 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points James Hutton’s statement that “the present is the key to the past” (uniformitarianism) is demonstrated by . • A. the Earth’s landscapes are fixed and have not changed • B. gravity being a recent phenomenon and not changing metamorphic rocks in the past • C. the volcano that erupted last year on August 15 will occur every 10 years on that date • D. ancient sedimentary rocks formed by similar processes as are observed today • E. the fact that our human ancestors hunted dinosaurs for millennia Feedback: 01.3 Question 8 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which type of faulting is most dangerous in Utah? • A. Thrust • B. Normal • C. Reverse • D. Strike-slip • E. Transform Question 9 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points The primary basis for classifying detrital (clastic) rocks is , whereas the primary basis for classifying chemical rocks is . • A. rock type ; rounding • B. sorting ; density • C. crystalline structure ; sorting • D. particle size ; mineral composition • E. particle shape ; trace elements Question 10 of 50 2.0/ 2.0 Points What information is needed to determine the distance from the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismic receiving station? • A. The time interval between the P and S waves • B. The difference between the amplitude of the seismic waves • C. The magnitude of the earthquake • D. The transverse nature of the s-wave • E. The amplitude of the seismic waves on a seismogram Question 11 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which of the following is the most significant natural cause of climate change in the last 2 million years? • A. Burning of fossil fuels • B. Photosynthesis • C. Solar flares • D. Volcanic eruptions • E. Milankovitch cycles Question 12 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Refer to the image of a meandering stream shown here. At which site along the stream would stream erosion be the most active? • A. D and B • B. A and C • C. B and C • D. C and D • E. A and E Question 13 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points The number one factor causing landslides is (are) . • A. precipitation • B. earthquakes • C. volcanic eruptions • D. freeze-thaw cycles • E. glaciation Question 14 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which best explains the processes at the mid-oceanic ridge? • A. Plates diverge destroying old crust • B. Plates diverge creating new crust • C. Plates converge creating new crust • D. Plates converge destroying old crust • E. Plates slide past each other destroying old crust Question 15 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points In the rock cycle, what processes directly link igneous rocks to metamorphic rocks? • A. melting and crystallization • B. deposition and lithification • C. compaction and cementation • D. recrystallization by high heat and pressure • E. weathering and erosion Question 16 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Where do we generally find the most quantity of explosive volcanic eruptions? • A. Subduction zone boundary • B. Ocean island hotspots • C. Divergent plate boundary • D. Mid-oceanic ridges • E. Transform plate boundary Question 17 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points Where would you expect both shallow and deep earthquakes in which the deeper earthquakes are located farther inland? • A. At a transform boundary along the San Andreas fault in California. • B. At a divergent plate boundary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. • C. At a divergent plate boundary in the middle of a continental plate such as Africa’s Great Rift Valley. • D. At a convergent plate boundary such as along the west coast of South America. • E. At a transform plate boundary anywhere in the world. Question 18 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What evidence did Alfred Wegener use for his hypothesis of continental drift? • A. trenches and subduction zones • B. similar rocks and fossils on distant continents • C. paleomagnetic patterns on either side of the mid-oceanic ridge • D. earthquake patterns and GPS measurements • E. mid-oceanic ridges and the age marine rocks Question 19 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Pyroclastic flows are more associated with . • A. cinder cones • B. stratovolcanoes • C. ocean hot spots • D. flood basalts • E. shield volcanoes Question 20 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Scientific conclusions are based on . • A. polling of experts • B. only quantitative data • C. objective evidence and experiments • D. public consensus • E. subjective evidence and ancient books Feedback: 01.2 Question 21 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Shield volcanoes consist of . • A. Mostly low viscosity basalt flows with a lower silica content. • B. A combination of granitic lava and pyroclastic material with some rhyolite. • C. Alternating layers of cinders and ash embedded in silica-rich lava flows. • D. Explosive pyroclastic material and low viscosity lava flows. • E. Alternating layers of silica-rich rocks and intrusive igneous rocks such as basalt. Question 22 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points When the radiometric clock starts ticking in zircon minerals, there is only 100% of the unstable radiometric parent isotope X and 0% of the stable daughter isotope Y. After testing in a lab millions of years later, there is 25% of the parent radiometric isotope and 75% of the daughter isotope. How many half lives have elapsed? • A. 3 • B. 1 • C. 0.5 • D. 2 • E. 0.25 Question 23 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points The map below shows continental land as green and brown, the depth of the ocean floor in blue, and tectonic plate boundaries as colored lines. Evaluate this geologic evidence to determine which location would most likely require adequate tsunami preparedness. • A. D • B. C • C. A • D. B Question 24 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points A coarse-grained (phaneritic texture) igneous rock formed . • A. by immense direct pressure and heat • B. on the surface of the earth in an explosive eruption • C. on the surface of the earth in a quiet (effusive) eruption • D. deep under the surface of the earth • E. due to erosion, frost wedging, and weathering Question 25 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Where is the top of the asthenosphere closest to the earth’s surface? • A. Underneath a collision zone • B. Next to a subduction zone • C. In the center of continental plates (craton) • D. Underneath a transform fault • E. Underneath a mid-ocean ridge Question 26 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points In terms of groundwater resources, what properties make the best aquifer? • A. Low porosity and high permeability • B. High porosity and no permeability • C. High porosity and low permeability • D. High porosity and high permeability • E. Low porosity and low permeability Part 2 of 4 - Final Exam Midterm Questions 20.0/ 28.0 Points Question 27 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Metamorphic rocks are formed by . • A. compaction and cementation • B. heat and pressure • C. melting and crystallization • D. uplift and burial • E. weathering and erosion Question 28 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points Which is the process that CREATES sediments from previously formed rocks? • A. Erosion • B. Weathering • C. Compaction • D. Deposition • E. Cementation Question 29 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points Which plate boundary is known for frequent earthquakes, but little mountain building and almost no volcanism? • A. Hot Spot • B. Divergent • C. Convergent • D. Transform • E. Convection Question 30 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which combination of factors produces steep-sided, explosive volcanism and the most dangerous volcanic hazards? Volatiles=dissolved gases like water, carbon dioxide • A. High viscosity and low volatiles • B. High viscosity and high volatiles • C. Low viscosity and low volatiles • D. Medium viscosity and medium volatiles • E. Low viscosity and high volatiles Question 31 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which is the process that glues sediments together, helping them turn into rocks? • A. Compaction • B. Deposition • C. Weathering • D. Cementation • E. Erosion Question 32 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What do all minerals have in common? • A. Formed from magma • B. Organic • C. Cleavage • D. Crystal structure • E. Harder than fingernail Question 33 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Mafic minerals, as a group, are known for what property? • A. Lacking cleavage • B. Pearly luster • C. Low density • D. High hardness • E. Dark color Question 34 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points As a continental rift continues to open wider and wider, which plate tectonic boundary is likely to develop at that location? • A. Transform fault • B. Subduction zone • C. Mid-ocean ridge • D. Continental collision • E. Hot spot Question 35 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What element is the building block of the majority of minerals, especially the common rock- forming minerals? • A. Hydrogen • B. Silicon • C. Calcium • D. Carbon • E. Sulfer Question 36 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points Detrital sedimentary rocks are made of , while chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks are made of . • A. crystals ; crystals • B. grains ; crystals • C. crystals ; crystals and grains • D. crystals ; grains • E. grains ; grains Question 37 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points If you plot global earthquake and volcano locations on a map, what would be the most obvious thing you would notice? • A. They would be randomly distributed • B. They would be concentrated in the summer time • C. They would be concentrated around the equator • D. They would outline plate tectonic boundaries • E. They would be concentrated around the poles Question 38 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points How do you recognize an intrusive igneous rock? • A. Both glass and crystals present • B. Vesicles (gas bubbles) formed • C. Jet-black texture from microscopic crystals • D. Glass and other fine-grained material throughout • E. Large visable crystals throughout Question 39 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which type of magma produces slow-moving lava flows, explosive eruptions, steep-sided volcanoes, and typically granitic rocks? • A. High temperature • B. High pressure • C. High silica • D. Shallow-forming • E. Deep-forming Question 40 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points At subduction zones, magma is generated by , while most other environments (e.g. hot spots, divergent) produce magma by . • A. decompression melting ; adding volatiles • B. adding volatiles ; decompression melting • C. compression melting ; decompression melting • D. decompression melting ; adding volatiles • E. adding volatiles ; compression melting Part 3 of 4 - Final Exam Geological Resources 8.0/ 10.0 Points Question 41 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Under the correct circumstances, ancient life forms like plants or microscopic organisms can . • A. become an alternative form of energy. • B. become part of current fossil fuels. • C. become a renewable energy source • D. become a reef today. Question 42 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points Oil, gas, and coal are fossil fuels that provide over 90% of our energy needs in the United States. What makes these resources different from others such as nickel, iron, salt, or gypsum? • A. They form from hydrothermal processes • B. They are more scarce than any other resource. • C. They take millions of years to form. • D. They form from previous life forms like plants or microscopic organisms. Question 43 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Hydrothermal processes are most likely involved in the formation of which set of resources? • A. zinc, gold, and chromite • B. zinc, lithium, and tantalum. • C. coal and petroleum • D. zinc, salt, and gold Question 44 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Gold is typically created by . • A. magmatic processes. • B. organic processes • C. evaporation processes. • D. hydrothermal processes. Question 45 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which of the following set of resources would be the most sustainable? • A. solar, wind, and hydro • B. solar, nuclear, and hydro • C. solar, nuclear, and wind • D. solar, wind, and natural gas Part 4 of 4 - Earth History 8.0/ 10.0 Points Question 46 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points Which of the following is NOT a possible source of Earth’s water? • A. Moon • B. Volcanism • C. Comets • D. Meteorites Question 47 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What age are most of the Earth’s cratons? • A. Archean • B. Mesozoic • C. Proterozoic • D. Paleozoic Question 48 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What important evolutionary advance did NOT occur in the Paleozoic? • A. First mammals • B. First jaws • C. First shells • D. First trees Question 49 of 50 0.0 / 2.0 Points Which of the following is a hypothesis for the formation of life on Earth? • A. Brought to Earth from Mars • B. Atmospheric processes around lightning • C. Atmospheric processes around seawater • D. Atmospheric processes around volcanoes • E. Evaporation around seawater Rationale: Volcanic out-gassing hypothesis that created water on earth can be defined as the formation of life on earth as we know it. Volcanoes essential created the water on the planet and in return life on earth. Question 50 of 50 2.0 / 2.0 Points What important evolutionary step occurred in the Proterozoic? • A. First gills • B. First nucleus • C. First bacteria • D. First fungi