Bootcamp.com - Fundamentals of
Biology
any substance that takes up space and has mass is called _____
- matter
what is matter is composed of? –
elements
an ______ is a substance that has specific chemical and physical properties –
element
an _____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains all the chemical properties of an
element –
atom
can an atom break-down into something smaller, while still retaining the properties of
the original element? –
no
molecules result whenever _____ atoms join together –
2 or more
what atoms does carbon tend to bond with in an organic molecule? –
hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen
_____ are molecules that contain more than one element –
compounds
(ex: H2O is a molecule/compound)
what are the strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule? –
intramolecular forces
which type of force exists between molecules? –
intermolecular forces
which type of force is weaker... intra- or intermolecular? –
intermolecular
which type of force (intra-/intermolecular) determines physical properties? –
intermolecular
,_____ are molecules that have the potential of bonding to other identical molecules
through chemical reactions –
monomers
_____ is the process when monomers bond together, and it forms _____ -
polymerization; polymers
_____ are substances that have a large # of monomers bonded together –
polymers
what are the 3 varieties of carbohydrates? –
monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides
monosaccharides have a ratio of precisely _____ _____ per water molecule, and they
have the empirical formula _____ -
1 carbon; (CH2O)n
5 carbon monosaccharides are called _____ -
pentoses
6 carbon monosaccharides are called _____ -
hexoses
a sugar molecule is classified as an alpha sugar if the hydroxyl (OH) group points _____
on the first carbon - down
a sugar molecule is classified as a beta sugar if the hydroxyl (OH) group points _____
on the first carbon –
up
ribose is a _____ sugar (monosaccharide) –
pentose (five carbon)
glucose and fructose are _____ sugars (monosaccharides) –
hexose (six carbon)
glucose and fructose are _____ of each other –
isomers
what type of carbohydrate results when 2 monosaccharide monomers bond/join
together? –
disaccharide
monosaccharide monomers join together via what type of reaction? –
dehydration/condensation reactions
, what functional group and atom combine in a dehydration/condensation reaction? –
hydroxyl (OH) + hydrogen (H)
what type of bond is formed and what is released in a dehydration/condensation
reaction? –
covalent bond formation; release of H2O
what is the opposite of a condensation/dehydration reaction - why? –
A hydrolysis reaction; adds H2O to a covalent bond and splits monomers apart
what is the name of the bond that forms when a carbohydrate attaches to another
molecule? –
glycosidic
carbohydrates linked to lipids are known as _____ -
glycolipids
carbohydrates linked to proteins are known as _____ -
glycoproteins
which disaccharide contains 1 glucose and 1 fructose? –
sucrose (table sugar)
which disaccharide contains 1 galactose and 1 glucose? –
lactose
which disaccharide contains 2 glucoses linked together? –
maltose
polysaccharides are long polymers of _____ -
monosaccharides
_____ may or may not have branching –
polysaccharides
some polysaccharides are for _____, and others are for _____. –
storage, structure
_____ is a crucial storage polysaccharide in plants –
starch
starch contains many _____ monomers in linear forms as well as branched forms –
glucose
linear plant starch is called _____ -
amylose
Biology
any substance that takes up space and has mass is called _____
- matter
what is matter is composed of? –
elements
an ______ is a substance that has specific chemical and physical properties –
element
an _____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains all the chemical properties of an
element –
atom
can an atom break-down into something smaller, while still retaining the properties of
the original element? –
no
molecules result whenever _____ atoms join together –
2 or more
what atoms does carbon tend to bond with in an organic molecule? –
hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen
_____ are molecules that contain more than one element –
compounds
(ex: H2O is a molecule/compound)
what are the strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule? –
intramolecular forces
which type of force exists between molecules? –
intermolecular forces
which type of force is weaker... intra- or intermolecular? –
intermolecular
which type of force (intra-/intermolecular) determines physical properties? –
intermolecular
,_____ are molecules that have the potential of bonding to other identical molecules
through chemical reactions –
monomers
_____ is the process when monomers bond together, and it forms _____ -
polymerization; polymers
_____ are substances that have a large # of monomers bonded together –
polymers
what are the 3 varieties of carbohydrates? –
monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides
monosaccharides have a ratio of precisely _____ _____ per water molecule, and they
have the empirical formula _____ -
1 carbon; (CH2O)n
5 carbon monosaccharides are called _____ -
pentoses
6 carbon monosaccharides are called _____ -
hexoses
a sugar molecule is classified as an alpha sugar if the hydroxyl (OH) group points _____
on the first carbon - down
a sugar molecule is classified as a beta sugar if the hydroxyl (OH) group points _____
on the first carbon –
up
ribose is a _____ sugar (monosaccharide) –
pentose (five carbon)
glucose and fructose are _____ sugars (monosaccharides) –
hexose (six carbon)
glucose and fructose are _____ of each other –
isomers
what type of carbohydrate results when 2 monosaccharide monomers bond/join
together? –
disaccharide
monosaccharide monomers join together via what type of reaction? –
dehydration/condensation reactions
, what functional group and atom combine in a dehydration/condensation reaction? –
hydroxyl (OH) + hydrogen (H)
what type of bond is formed and what is released in a dehydration/condensation
reaction? –
covalent bond formation; release of H2O
what is the opposite of a condensation/dehydration reaction - why? –
A hydrolysis reaction; adds H2O to a covalent bond and splits monomers apart
what is the name of the bond that forms when a carbohydrate attaches to another
molecule? –
glycosidic
carbohydrates linked to lipids are known as _____ -
glycolipids
carbohydrates linked to proteins are known as _____ -
glycoproteins
which disaccharide contains 1 glucose and 1 fructose? –
sucrose (table sugar)
which disaccharide contains 1 galactose and 1 glucose? –
lactose
which disaccharide contains 2 glucoses linked together? –
maltose
polysaccharides are long polymers of _____ -
monosaccharides
_____ may or may not have branching –
polysaccharides
some polysaccharides are for _____, and others are for _____. –
storage, structure
_____ is a crucial storage polysaccharide in plants –
starch
starch contains many _____ monomers in linear forms as well as branched forms –
glucose
linear plant starch is called _____ -
amylose
