BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE SOLUTION EXAM COMPLETE DOCX (2022)
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into
carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells - continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem
cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary
endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface
of an erythrocyte
ESV - volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function - K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction
,Excess in K+ - blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly
larynx - passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces - opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - surround the lungs
surfactant - reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
compliance - amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
,inspiratory capacity - tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males
vital capacity - tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually
about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400
mL in males
Henry's law - states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect - when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law - each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata - sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons - includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is - a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood - blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma - proteins, water, other solutes
Blood plasma proteins - albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
, Formed elements - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production - hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth
Reticulocyte - from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - 120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection
Macrophages - react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet - fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane
Platelet plug - can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into
carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells - continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem
cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary
endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface
of an erythrocyte
ESV - volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function - K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction
,Excess in K+ - blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly
larynx - passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces - opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - surround the lungs
surfactant - reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
compliance - amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
,inspiratory capacity - tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males
vital capacity - tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually
about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400
mL in males
Henry's law - states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect - when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law - each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata - sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons - includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is - a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood - blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma - proteins, water, other solutes
Blood plasma proteins - albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
, Formed elements - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production - hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth
Reticulocyte - from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - 120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection
Macrophages - react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet - fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane
Platelet plug - can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough
