Exam 1
Chapter 4
• Describe and discuss the cellular adaptations and causative factors made in each of
the following processes: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia.
Atrophy: Decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ or tissue by the loss of organelles
Hypertrophy: Increase growth of a muscle cell through exercise
Hyperplasia: Enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
reproduction rate of its cells
Dysplasia: refers to the disorganized appearance of cells due to abnormal various in size
Metaplasia: A change of cells to a form that does not usually occur (adaptation to a
persistent injury)
• Discuss the differences between necrosis and apoptosis.
Apoptosis is an active programmed cell death whereas necrosis is a passive accidental
cell death resulting from environmental perturbations with uncontrolled release of
inflammatory cellular contents.
Chapter 7
• Define the development of cancer (factors that affect development).
Result from changes in DNA. Gene mutations transform normal cells into cancer cells.
Tumor suppressor genes limit cell growth and decides when a cell die. When this gene
doesn’t work the way, it should the cell turns into cancer. Protooncogenes help our cell
grow, when it mutates it becomes an oncogene and turns on when it stimulates cellular
proliferation.
• Difference between malignancy and benign
Benign grow slowly, well defined capsule, not invasive, well differentiated, low mitotic
index and not metastasized……. Malignant grows rapidly, not encapsulated, invasive,
poorly differentiated, high mitotic index and can metastasize
Chapter 8
• Difference between Virus & Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled, rigid wall organisms that have no internal organelles, classified
by morphology and gram staining (survive and grow depending on pathogen)…… Viruses
are nucleic acids protected by a layer of proteins surrounding RNA or DNA, they invade
the cell and use the host to survive
• Compare bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, including manifestations
Bacterial: single celled can be aerobic or anaerobic, Gram positive or negative by
staining, Can cause irreversible and lethal damage to pathogens… Fungi is a natural
product of bacteria, can cause good bacteria but disease
, Viruses: transmitted to person by infected respiratory tract fluids, blood, sexual contact
etc. they are highly contagious and are transmitted by attachment, penetration,
uncoating, replication, assembly and release
Fungi: Eukaryotic Micro organisms with the ability to form complex structures with thick,
rigid cell walls. They can cause infection by first colonizing the area then proliferate the
site of infection, reproduce by budding or division and are opportunisitc
• Explain how bacterial resistance to antibiotics occurs and why this might be important
Resistant infections occur because of natural, random genetic differences in the
population of organisms that affect their susceptibility to antibiotics. The
susceptible strains die, and the resistant strains emerge after exposure to
antibiotics, creating a drug-resistant infection.
• Describe the differences in immune across the lifespan
Impaired function of the immune system is an important risk factor for the
development of both opportunistic and pathogenic infection, affects on immune
response involve age, nutrition, chronic illness, and immunization
Chapter 9
• Identify the differences between innate and adaptive immunity (and the
categories encompassed under each).
First line of defense is innate immunity first line is broken with a cut but normal flora
will protect you with things that come into your body. while adaptive or acquired
immunity is the third line of defense it is composed of highly specialized systemic cells
and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth (includes lymphocytes
and antibodies)
• Identify the role of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages in innate immunity.
Eosinophil: Destroy invaders particularly antibody coated parasites
Neutrophils: Ingest and destroy invaders quickly (phagocytic response)
Oxidizing agents assist neutrophils to help destroy microorganisms
Macrophages: Ingest and destroy invaders antigen presentation
• Identify the role of dendritic cells, natural killer cells and kinins
Dendritic cells: specialized antigen presenting cells and essential mediators of immunity
and tolerance. They are non-specific and an autoimmune response (master responder)
link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective
immune response.
NK cells: independent from other lymphocytes and work on their own
Kinins: Clotting systems lets white blood cells go in and invade the area (vasodilators),
smooth muscle contraction and vascular permeability Kinin responsible for pain
Bradykinin and kallidin fac
• Describe the differences between B-cells and T-cells in response to immunity.
Chapter 4
• Describe and discuss the cellular adaptations and causative factors made in each of
the following processes: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia.
Atrophy: Decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ or tissue by the loss of organelles
Hypertrophy: Increase growth of a muscle cell through exercise
Hyperplasia: Enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
reproduction rate of its cells
Dysplasia: refers to the disorganized appearance of cells due to abnormal various in size
Metaplasia: A change of cells to a form that does not usually occur (adaptation to a
persistent injury)
• Discuss the differences between necrosis and apoptosis.
Apoptosis is an active programmed cell death whereas necrosis is a passive accidental
cell death resulting from environmental perturbations with uncontrolled release of
inflammatory cellular contents.
Chapter 7
• Define the development of cancer (factors that affect development).
Result from changes in DNA. Gene mutations transform normal cells into cancer cells.
Tumor suppressor genes limit cell growth and decides when a cell die. When this gene
doesn’t work the way, it should the cell turns into cancer. Protooncogenes help our cell
grow, when it mutates it becomes an oncogene and turns on when it stimulates cellular
proliferation.
• Difference between malignancy and benign
Benign grow slowly, well defined capsule, not invasive, well differentiated, low mitotic
index and not metastasized……. Malignant grows rapidly, not encapsulated, invasive,
poorly differentiated, high mitotic index and can metastasize
Chapter 8
• Difference between Virus & Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled, rigid wall organisms that have no internal organelles, classified
by morphology and gram staining (survive and grow depending on pathogen)…… Viruses
are nucleic acids protected by a layer of proteins surrounding RNA or DNA, they invade
the cell and use the host to survive
• Compare bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, including manifestations
Bacterial: single celled can be aerobic or anaerobic, Gram positive or negative by
staining, Can cause irreversible and lethal damage to pathogens… Fungi is a natural
product of bacteria, can cause good bacteria but disease
, Viruses: transmitted to person by infected respiratory tract fluids, blood, sexual contact
etc. they are highly contagious and are transmitted by attachment, penetration,
uncoating, replication, assembly and release
Fungi: Eukaryotic Micro organisms with the ability to form complex structures with thick,
rigid cell walls. They can cause infection by first colonizing the area then proliferate the
site of infection, reproduce by budding or division and are opportunisitc
• Explain how bacterial resistance to antibiotics occurs and why this might be important
Resistant infections occur because of natural, random genetic differences in the
population of organisms that affect their susceptibility to antibiotics. The
susceptible strains die, and the resistant strains emerge after exposure to
antibiotics, creating a drug-resistant infection.
• Describe the differences in immune across the lifespan
Impaired function of the immune system is an important risk factor for the
development of both opportunistic and pathogenic infection, affects on immune
response involve age, nutrition, chronic illness, and immunization
Chapter 9
• Identify the differences between innate and adaptive immunity (and the
categories encompassed under each).
First line of defense is innate immunity first line is broken with a cut but normal flora
will protect you with things that come into your body. while adaptive or acquired
immunity is the third line of defense it is composed of highly specialized systemic cells
and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth (includes lymphocytes
and antibodies)
• Identify the role of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages in innate immunity.
Eosinophil: Destroy invaders particularly antibody coated parasites
Neutrophils: Ingest and destroy invaders quickly (phagocytic response)
Oxidizing agents assist neutrophils to help destroy microorganisms
Macrophages: Ingest and destroy invaders antigen presentation
• Identify the role of dendritic cells, natural killer cells and kinins
Dendritic cells: specialized antigen presenting cells and essential mediators of immunity
and tolerance. They are non-specific and an autoimmune response (master responder)
link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective
immune response.
NK cells: independent from other lymphocytes and work on their own
Kinins: Clotting systems lets white blood cells go in and invade the area (vasodilators),
smooth muscle contraction and vascular permeability Kinin responsible for pain
Bradykinin and kallidin fac
• Describe the differences between B-cells and T-cells in response to immunity.
