Biology 2402 Study Guide for FINAL Exam

Cardiovascular System Blood 1.) What are the 3 main functions of the blood? 2.) What are the different roles of these proteins? A. albumin B. alpha and beta globulins C. gamma globulins ‐ their origin ‐ their different types and role 3.) What is the largest immunoglobulin called and what is its function? 4.) What is the most abundant immunoglobulin called and what is its function? 5.) What is the name of the immunoglobulin which is involved in an allergic reaction? 6.) When an individual receives a serum what type of immunity is that? 7.) When an individual gets measles and becomes cured what type of immunity will he have and why? 8.) Discuss about antigen and antibody. 9.) What blood protein is involved in blood clotting? 10.) What is the difference between serum and plasma? 11.) What’s the main function of: A. platelet B. neutrophil C. basophil D. eosinophil E. lymphocyte: What is the difference between lymphocyte b and lymphocyte d. F. monocyte 12.) Among all of these formed elements mentioned above which of them are considered phagocytes and why? 13.) If a man has a genotype AB and his wife has a genotype AO, what is the probability of them having a child who is AA? 2 14.) If a man is RH positive and his wife is RH positive can you predict with certainty that all their children born in this union will be RH positive and why? 15.) If an individual is losing blood what type of hemorrhaging will he have? 16.) If an individual has a diet poor in vitamin B12 and lacks the intrinsic factor what type of anemia will he have? 17.) If an individual is exposed to an intense chemo therapy what type of anemia will he have? 18.) What is a hematocrit? 19.) Name all of the factors that you think affect blood clotting? Site how the factors below effect blood clotting a. Calcium b. Vitamin K c. Liver d. Thromboplastinogen e. Prothrombine 20.) What does erythropoietin and vitamin B12 do as far as blood is concerned? 21.) What are the different layers which make up the wall of the artery? 22.) What is the difference between a venous blood and an arterial blood? 23.) What pulmonary blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the left atria? 24.) What controls venous blood pressure? 25.) If someone is hemorrhaging will he be hypotensive or hypertensive. Will he have bradycardia or tachycardia? 26.) Trace the path of red blood cells going from the right atria to the left ventricle. 27.) What type of circulation takes place in a. Liver b. Lungs c. Fetus 28.) Define a. circulation time b. systole c. diastole d. blood pressure 29.) Where is the cardio regulatory center located? 30.) How many blood vessels are found in the umbilical cord? 31.) What does T wave depict? What does P wave depict? What does QRS wave depict? 3 32.) The natural pace maker of the heart is called…. 33.) Its impulse reaches the purkinje fibers by going through…. 34.) Discuss about the chemo receptors and baro receptors. 35.) Name the different heart valves that you know and the location. Lymphatic System 1.) Name all of the organs that make up the lymphatic system. 2.) What is the main function of the spleen and tonsils? 3.) What lymphatic vessel drains the left upper quadrant? 4.) Where does the lymph leaving the lactile go before it reaches the left subclavian vein? 5.) What is the difference between lymph and blood? 6.) Give all of the functions of the lymphatic system. 7.) What lymphatic vessel drains the right lower quadrant? 8.) What are the two main functions of the thymus? 9.) What’s the function of the lymph node? 10.) Where are the lymph nodes located? a. Superficial…. b. Deep…. Cardiovascular 1.) What type of T‐cells are involved a.Auto‐immune disease b.Aids 2.) What is the serous membrane which covers your heart? 3.) Name the different layers of your heart? 4.) What are the functions of the heart valve? Respiratory System 1.) What are the different organs of the upper respiratory tract? Site them in order. a. From the larynx all the way to the lungs b. The basic unit of the lung is called…. 2.) What cell in the alveoli produces surfactant? 3.) What is the lid of the lower respiratory tract? 4.) What structure allows food or drink to go to the nasopharynx? 4 5.) What structure of the larynx is superior to the trachea? 6.) What cartilage of the larynx contains the Adams apple? 7.) What cartilage of the larynx is elastic? 8.) What are the three cartilage of the larynx are single and the three orders which are impaired? 9.) What is the function of the oropharynx and the larangopharynx? 10.) What is the function of the nasal cavity? 11.) What is the function of the concha? 12.) What is the name of the serous membrane which covers your lung? 13.) What chemical controls the way we breathe? 14.) Where is the respiratory center located? 15.) What is the difference in the opneustic center and the pneumotaxic center? Where are they located? 16.) Does the pons and the medulla oblongata work together during inspiration and expiration? 17.) What instrument is used to measure the lung volumes? 18.) Define all of the lung volumes… a. Tidal volume b. ERV c. IRV d. MRV 19.) What is the main difference between total capacity and vital capacity? 20.) What is the difference between pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary respiration? 21.) What is the difference between tissue respiration and breathing? 22.) What are the muscles involved during inspiration and expiration? 23.) Define: a. Boyle’s law b. Dalton law c. Henry law d. Ficks law e. Charles law 24.) CO2 is mainly found in the blood ….. 25.) What is the most prevalent combination of CO2 in the blood? a. Is it Bicarbonate b. Is it carbon oxide c. Is it carbomino hemoglobin 5 26.) Between oxygen and carbon oxide which one has more affinity hemoglobin? 27.) What is COPD? 28.) Discuss about Asthma, Emphysema, and pneumonia. 29.) What are the portions of the respiratory tree which are only conductive and which one are mainly respiratory? 30.) What is the difference between a terminal bronchiole and a respiratory bronchiole? Digestive System 1.) What are the different portions of the alimentary canal? 2.) What structures make up the accessories organs of the digestive system? 3.) Define: a. Peristalsis b. Deglution c. Swallowing d. Digestion e. Ingestion 4.) How many permanent teeth does and adult have? 5.) How many baby teeth does a child have? 6.) What layer of the tooth is covered by a. Enamel b. Cementum 7.) What do you call the portion of the teeth that protrude from the gum? 8.) Where is the bile produced and what does it do? 9.) Where is the bile stored? 10.) What portion of the digestive tract is sandwiched between the throat and the stomach? 11.) What do you call the valve between the stomach and the esophagus? 12.) What happens if the afore mention valve remains open? 13.) What do you call the valve between the stomach and the duodenum? 14.) What is the last portion of the stomach close to the duodenum called? 15.) What is the name of the fold found in the mucosa of the stomach? 16.) What is the function of the a. Parietal cells b. Chief cells c. Enteroendocrine cells d. Mucous neck cells 6 17.) What results will you obtain when pepsinogen combines with hydrochloric acid? 18.) What hormone keeps the pyloric sphincter loose? 19.) The first portion of the small intestine is called… 20.) The middle portion of the small intestine is called… 21.) Among all of those which one is the longest? 22.) What valve is found between the ilium and the cecum? 23.) The last segment of the colon is called? 24.) Where does the measure absorption of the digested nutrients take place? 25.) The remaining water which is not absorbed by the small intestine is absorbed where? 26.) What is the main function of the large intestine? 27.) How are the water soluble vitamins absorbed? 28.) How are the fat soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine? 29.) What are the different types of fat soluble vitamin and their functions? 30.) What are the different function of the water soluble vitamins and their functions? 31.) Define: a. Metabolism b. Catabolism c. Anabolism 32.) What enzyme breaks down fat? The process is called… 33.) What enzyme breaks down starch? Why does the same enzyme can not break down cellulose? 34.) What enzyme breaks down protein in the stomach? 35.) What enzymes break down proteins in the small intestine? Where are those enzymes mainly produced? 36.) When cystic duct and common hepatic duct fuses the resulting duct is called… 37.) When the common bile duct fuses with the pancreatic duct the resulting duct is called… 38.) The exocrine function of the pancreas can be illustrated by the production of what? What do those chemicals do? 39.) The endocrine function of the pancreas can be illustrated by the production of what? What do those chemicals do? 40.) What are the functions of the large intestine? 41.) The permanent fold of the large intestine is called… 42.) The bulging structures of the large intestine are called… 43.) What vitamins are produced by the large intestine? 44.) What vitamins does the body produce by using the sunlight? 7 45.) What vitamins protect an individual from rickett? 46.) What are the structures which protrude from the mucosa of the small intestine called? 47.) What ligament links the liver to the abdomen? 48.) What is greater omentum? 49.) What are the four components which make up the biliary system? 50.) What is the function of CCK or cholecystokine and secritine? 51.) What salivary gland is located inferior to your ear? 52.) Why does starch digestion start in you mouth? 53.) Define: Chyme 54.) What increases gastric juice release? 55.) Does caffeine and alcohol have something to do with digestion? If yes/no what? Urinary System 1.) What are the main functions of the urinary system? 2.) Name all of the structures which make up the urinary system in order. 3.) Describe anatomically the location of the kidneys. 4.) The primary structure of the urinary system is called. 5.) The functional units of the kidney are called. What is it made of? 6.) The renal corpuscle consists of what? 7.) What type of epithelium do you find in the urinary bladder? 8.) What area of the kidney allows the blood to go in and leave the kidney? 9.) What organ of the urinary system is involved in filtration of blood? i. Is it the kidney? ii. Is it the urinary bladder? iii. Is it the urethra? Why? 10.) The mucosa of the urinary bladder is called… 11.) The movement of blood from the abdominal aorta to the segmental artery passes through… 12.) The blood vessel which enters the glomerulus is called… 13.) The blood vessel which leaves the glomerulus is called… 14.) Histology wise what is glomerulus? 15.) If you combine bowman capsule and glomerulus what structure will you have? 16.) What mineral corticoid is responsible in sodium absorption and potassium excretion? 8 17.) What chemical allows one to retain water? 18.) What chemical by the hypothalamus allows one to retain water? 19.) What hypothalamus chemical is inhibited after alcohol consumption? 20.) What is the difference between metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis? 21.) What is the difference between metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis? 22.) Track the path of a drop of urine from the proximal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct… 23.) What is the name of the muscle layer of the urinary bladder? 24.) What is the name of the smooth area of the urinary bladder? Reproductive System 1.) The primary organ of the female reproductive system is called… 2.) The primary organ of the male reproductive system is called… 3.) Another name of the male gonad is called…. 4.) The production of the sperm cells in the testicle takes place in the… 5.) Sperm production by the testicle is stimulated by… 6.) The production of testosterone by the Leydig is under the stimulation of… 7.) The testicle is a exocrine organ because of… 8.) The testicle is a endocrine function because of… 9.) The ducts sandwiched between the efferent ducturles and the tubuli recti are called a … 10.) Trace the pathway of a sperm cell from the rete testes to the urethra. 11.) The site for sperm maturation and storage is called…. 12.) The swollen portion of the vas deferens is called the… 13.) After vasectomy, is a man still able to ejaculate? If yes, what type of semen will he have? If no, why can’t he ejaculate? 14.) What is the main difference between vasectomy and castration? 15.) What are the components that make up the spermatic cord? 16.) The fusion of the ampulla and the seminal vesicles result in the formation of the… 17.) The accessory gland which is located superior to the urinary bladder … 18.) The accessory gland which is located inferior to the urinary bladder… 19.) The gland which produces the bulk of semen is called… 20.) The gland which provides alkalinity to the semen is called… 21.) Semen is what? 9 22.) The muscle that moves the testicle and allows the testicle to ascend and descend according to temperature is called… 23.) The minimum amount of sperm cell per cc required by the World Health Organization to declare a man fertile is…. 24.) The layer of the penis which surrounds the urethra is called… 25.) The layer of the penis which makeup the bulk of the dorsal lateral region is called…. 26.) The tip of the penis is called… 27.) The sperm composition, what is semen composed of? 28.) The ovaries are an exocrine organ because of …. 29.) What hormone stimulates follicular growth? 30.) The surge of …induces ovulation. 31.) During the first period of the menstrual cycle does the estrogen level increase or decrease? 32.) During the second stage of menstrual cycle does the progesterone level decrease or increase? 33.) In a menstrual cycle of 28 days what would be the ideal day for a lady to conceive? 34.) In a menstrual cycle which day would be considered the first day day 1 or day 28? 35.) In a menstrual cycle of 28 days what day would a lady have her menses a. Day 1 to day5 b. Day 9 to day 12 c. Day 14 to day 19 d. Day 22 to day 27 36.) What are the two hormones which are commonly found in the birth control pill? 37.) What is the site for fertilization? 38.) In which portion of the fallopian tube does fertilization take place? 39.) What are the 3 different portions of the fallopian tube called? 40.) How many days approximately does a fertilized egg stay in the fallopian tube? 41.) In which area of the uterus does the embryo nest? 42.) What layer of the uterus is under the influence of oxytocin? 43.) What sub‐layer of the uterus is shed every month during the menstrual cycle? 44.) What hormone is detected during the urine test in a pregnant lady? 45.) What hormone is involved in milk production when a lady is lactating? 46.) What hormone causes milk let down? 47.) What structure within the fallopian tube produces progesterone? 10 48.) How does progesterone prevent pregnancy? 49.) What component in the female is homologous in the penis? 50.) What component of the female is homologous to the scrotum? 51.) Name all of the components which make up the female external genetalia? 52.) The other name of the birth canal is called… 53.) The region of the uterus close to the vagina is called… 54.) In the head of the sperm what does the nucleus contain? 55.) In the head of the sperm what does the acrosome contain? 56.) What makes the sperm cross the Zona Pelucida? 57.) What extra embryonic membrane surrounds the fetus? 58.) What do you call the fluid released by the membrane? 59.) The outermost extra embryonic membrane surrounding the fetus is called… 60.) How many chromosomes does the human embryo have?