NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE

NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE
Pathophysiology Final Exam
Study Guide
Modules 1-10
Module
1


I. Body Fluid Concentration
a. Hyponatremia: Serum Sodium conentration below the

lower limit of nor- mal
i. Clinical Manifestations:

1. Mild Central Nervous System Dysfunction:

Malaise, anorexia, nausea, vommiting,
headache
2. Severe Central Nervous System Dysfunction:

Confusion, lethargy, seizures, coma, fatal
cerebral herniation
b. Hypernatremia: Serum sodium concentration above

upper limit of normal
i. Etiology/Causes: Gain of more salt than water, loss


NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE

,NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE
of more water than salt
c. Interstitial Fluid Volume



i. Edema:



II. Electrolyte Imbalances
a. Serum Potassium

i. Hypokalemia: decreased potassium ion

concentration in extracel- lular fluid
1. Etiology:

a. Decreased Intake: Usually in conditions

that cause a decreased oral intake
b. Shift into the cell from extracellular fluid

c. Increased Excretion: Renal, through feces,

Sweat,
GI Tract (Emesis, diarrhea) Diuretics
ii. Hyperkalemia: Rise of serum potassium levels above

5 MEQ/L
1. Clinical Manifestations:



NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE

,NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE
a. Early, Mild: Intesional Cramping, Diarrhea

b. Late, More severe: Musclue weakness:

(Ascending, beginning in lower
extremities) Cardiac Dysrhythmias,
even cardiac arrest
b. Serum Calcium

i. Clinical manifestations:

1. HYPO-

a. Clinical Manifestations:

i. Hyperexcitability of Neuromuscular

cells: possitive trousseau sign,
positive chvostek sign (not reliable
in infants), parethesias, muscle
twitching and cramping,
hyperactive reflexes, carpal spasm,
pedal spasm, tetany, laryn-
gospasm, seizures, cardiac
dyshythmias
2. HYPER-



NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE

, NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE
a. Clinical Manifestations: decreased

neuromuscular excitability, muscle
weakness, diminished reflexes, cardiac
dysrhythmias, anorexia, nausea,
emesis, fa- tigue, polyuria,
constipation, headache, confusion,
lethargy, personality change, renal
calculi, pathologic fractures
Module
2
Chapte
r8
I. Transmission of Infection
a. Chain of Transmission:

RESERVOIR PORTAL OF MODE OF PORTAL SUSCEPTI
EXIT TRANSMIS OF EN- BLE
SION TRY VICTIM

HUMAN NASAL MU- INSECT BITE NASAL MU- MALNOUR-
ANIMAL COSE NASAL COSA ISHED

NUR 2063PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE MODULES 1-10 STUDY GUIDE
LATEST UPDATE 2021/2022 GRADED
A+RASMUSSEN COLLEGE