NURS 611 Patho Exam 2 questions and answers all correct

1.Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest Correct Answer: Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what? Parasympathetic System Correct Answer: Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest 2.Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood pressure Correct Answer: The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing which of the following? (select all that apply) C.Sympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer: Increasing body temperature E.Sympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer: Increasing blood pressure, increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature. Sympathetic Nervous System Correct Answer: Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood pressure Correct Answer: In general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned with the protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and BP. 3. Mobilizing energy stores, glucose to muscles, decreased release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs Correct Answer: Review: the sympathetic system is all about what? Sympathetic System Correct Answer: It's all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles, decreased release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs. 4.Level of consciousness Correct Answer: Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction? Most Critical Index of Nervous system dysfunction Correct Answer: LOC is the most critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or deterioration of a person's condition. 5.Prefrontal Lobe Correct Answer: Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain? Prefrontal lobe Correct Answer: area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability to concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS. 6. Broca area in the frontal lobe Correct Answer: Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects? Broca are in the frontal lobe Correct Answer: Broca speech area is the only region responsible for the motor aspects of speech. 7.Basal ganglia Correct Answer: Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in which area of the brain? 8. Hypothalamus Correct Answer: Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral patterns are main functions of which area of the brain? 1)maintenance of a constant internal environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns Correct Answer: Hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas: 9.Limbic System and prefrontal cortex Correct Answer: What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states? Mediate expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states Correct Answer: Limbic system and prefrontal cortex 10. Medulla Oblongata Correct Answer: Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain? Medulla Oblongata Correct Answer: makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion of the brainstem. 11.Cerebellum Correct Answer: Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture? 12. 20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute Correct Answer: The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output? 13. uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temperature regulation Correct Answer: What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to the hypothalamus? (select all that apply) Trauma to hypothalamus Correct Answer: Uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temp regulation Hypothalamus Correct Answer: Forms the base of the diencephalon. Function controls autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp, endocrine function (glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression. 14.Skin and Mucous Membranes Correct Answer: What is the first defense of our bodies? 15. To prevent infection of the injured tissue Correct Answer: Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process? Inflammation Correct Answer: If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response ______________ is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue. Loss of function (functio laesa) Correct Answer: There is a 5th sign known as loss of function (functio laesa) but Dr. Wunderlich did not mention this. 16.Edema (tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar) Correct Answer: What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection? 17. Leukocytes Correct Answer: Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection? 18. Increased Capillary permeability Correct Answer: What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? Inflammatory process Correct Answer: The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for inflammation-induced edema. 19. Vasodilation of blood vessels Correct Answer: What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process? locally increased warmth and redness Correct Answer: The increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red cells at the site of inflammation cause 20. Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area Correct Answer: The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by? neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation. Correct Answer: Two chemotactic factors: What is pain mediated by? Correct Answer: Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins 22. Tag the pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages. Correct Answer: The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to: Function of opsonization Correct Answer: C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages. 23.Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria Correct Answer: During phagocytosis what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization? Opsonization Correct Answer: During phagocytosis, _______________ involes only the recognition and adherence of phagocytes to bacteria. 24. Recognition (opsonization), engulfment, fusion, and destruction Correct Answer: What is the correct sequence of phagocytosis? Phagocytosis Correct Answer: Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence of involves opsonization or recognition of the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it, engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of phagosome, fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte and destruction of the target. 25.Fever and leukocytosis Correct Answer: Which manifestations of inflammation is systemic? Systemic Correct Answer: The only primary ___________ changes associated with the acute inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis (a transient increase in circulating leukocytes), and increased levels in circulating plasma proteins. 26.Endogenous pyrogens Correct Answer: The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by? Endogenous pyrogens Correct Answer: Fever-causing cytokines are known as 27. Neutrophils Correct Answer: When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte? Neutrophils Correct Answer: Only _______________ are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6-12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris at the inflammatory site. 28. Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces the destroyed tissue Correct Answer: What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage? Repair Correct Answer: ______________ is the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue. Scar tissue is primarily made up of collagen, which fills in the lesion and restores tensile strength but cannot carry out the physiologic functions of the destroyed tissue. 29. Resolution Correct Answer: When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, the process of returning the cells to pre-injury function is referred to as: Resolution Correct Answer: If damage is minor with no complications and destroyed tissues are capable of regeneration, then returning the injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure and physiologic function is possible. This restoration is called __________________ The role of fibroblasts during the reconstruction phase of wound healing is to? Correct Answer: Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins. Reconstructive phase Correct Answer: Fibroblasts are the most important cells during the ____________________ of wound healing because they synthesize and secrete collagen and other connective tissue proteins. Macrophage-derived transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-Beta) stimulates fibroblasts. Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problems? Correct Answer: Underlying chronic illness(es) exists Impaired healing Correct Answer: In some cases, _____________ is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? Correct Answer: Eosinophils 33. Calcium, iron, and magnesium Correct Answer: Normal bacterial flora found in the intestines produce vitamin K to assist in the absorption of which of the following? (select all that apply) Vitamin K Correct Answer: The flora's production of __________________is needed to absorb various ions, such as calcium, iron, and magnesium. 34. T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages Correct Answer: An individual's acquired-immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (select all that apply) Acquired Immunity Correct Answer: These cells along with dendritic cells are involved in ________________ 35. Active-acquired immunity Correct Answer: Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? Role of a natural killer (NK)cells? Correct Answer: Elimination of malignant cells Natural Killer (NK) Correct Answer: The main function of _______________cells is to recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruses, although they are also somewhat effective at eliminating other abnormal host cells, specifically cancer cells. 37. Passive-acquired immunity Correct Answer: What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? Passive-acquired immunity Correct Answer: does not involve the host's immune response at all. Rather, passive immunity occurs when preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the recipient. This transfer can occur naturally, as in the passage of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the fetus, or artificially, as in a clinic using immunotherapy for a specific disease. 38. Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity. Correct Answer: When antigens are administered to produce immunity, why are different routes of administration considered? cell-mediated or humoral immune responses. Correct Answer: Each route preferentially stimulates a different set of lymphocyte-containing (lymphoid) tissues and therefore results in the induction of different types of: 39. IgA Correct Answer: Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions? IgA1 and IgA2. IgA1 molecules are predominately found in the blood, whereas IgA2 is the predominant class of antibody found in normal body secretions. Correct Answer: IgA can be divided into two subclasses: 40. IgM Correct Answer: Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response? IgM, IgG Correct Answer: Typically, ______ is produced first (primary immune response), followed by _____ against the same antigen. 41. IgA Correct Answer: An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody? Decreasing Correct Answer: The IgA molecules found in bodily secretions are dimers anchored together through a J- chain and secretory piece. This secretory piece is attached to the IgA antibodies inside the mucosal epithelial cells and may function to protect these immunoglobulin antibodies against degradation by enzymes also found in the secretions, thus the risk of infections in the mucous membrane. Example of endogenous antigen Correct Answer: Cancer cells 43. 6 Days Correct Answer: When a person is exposed to most antigens, antibodies can be usually detected in his or her circulation within?