☐
thermodynamics
.
D
Protein Synthesis
☐
RNA location & fate
↳
Initiation
Stability A Bacteria
10W HIGH RNA
no processing A
↳
Bacteria
OH ( bonding ) weak strong ↳
stays in cytoplasm for transcript transl ribosome binds to ribosome site ( next to AUG )
binding
1
.
05 ( notional motion at notional B
Eukaryotes 2
protein synthesis
freedom ) constraints freedom ↳
transport out nucleus for transl .
B
↳
RNA processed
→
mature mRNA Eukaryotes
☆ metabolism focus 01-1 ( make break bonds )
splicing " '"" M "
on +
"" s
◦
-
exons stay , introns
l
initiation factors bind to 5
'
cap
+
recruit small ribosoma
↳
catabolic
=
① OH -006 ⑦ 05 &
, ,
'
Unit tRNA
④ 5 3 DOH A
'
⊖ cap tail
•
anabolic ④
+
↳
OH 0
G •
s
-
=
, ,
↓
depends on
rapid mRNA degradation
-
as protein folding stability AUG detected large ribosomal joins and tRNA
2
then unit
driven
/
-006 -1 amount
* :
bilayer formation -006
-
, ,
help nuclear export
-
◦ + mRNA ( Met ) attains to P sit
DNA
winding -006 _
↑ mRNA
stability
=
↑ gene expression
③ Initiation factors leaves when joins
☐
transcription B
large subunit
Eukaryotes
A
Bacteria frames
reading
↳
TATA Open
and general
1
binding protein binds to TATA box
•
marked by ATG start 1
coding )
1-
Sigma factor bind to promoter +
recruits RNA pot transcription factors assemble around
I called holoenzyme ) TAC start 1 template )
complex
orientation determines direction pot Elongation
↳
of RNA
Together they recruit tgt form basal
2
RNA pot 3 things
-
, ; .
transcription complex The 3 things + activator proteins second tRNA A site
2
.
'
enters ribosome +
binds to
RNA pot separates DNA strands +
begins adding 1 that bind to enhancers ) form a giant complex
RNA nucleotides to +1 site
2
peptide bond will form between Met and 2nd amin
3
3
Sigma factor is released & RNA Pot continues downstream , RNA pot starts adding nucleotides to +1 site and continues acid
making the new RNA strand downstream . Once it transcribes terminator , the T will signal 3
first tRNA will more to E site +
eject ; ribosome
D RNA pot to stop ( length of RNA after terminator depends mores 1 codon in 5
'
→
3
'
direction The second tRNA
transcriptional control .
on terminator factor proteins ) moves to P site
frequency of binding ( general transcript 4 added
'
promoter RNA Pot New amino acids are to A site
DNA interaction ,
, ,
factors
→
backbone :
⊖ charged ↳
Termination
strength of surfaces
2
binding
:
how tightly something binds +
sticks
↳
bases - :
ID -
ID
\
to DNA ( proteins interaction w/ DNA ) between strands :
H bonds -
'
stop codon reached by release factor
,
☆ ↑ frequency / ↑
strength ↑ transcripts #
polypeptide gets cut off @
2
=
covalent tRNA P site
/ any
non -
in +
major groove everything disassembles
↳
fewer minor
=
most base interactions ;
☐
positive regulation groove int .
↳
RNA pot promoter it activator protein
binds to binds
negative regulation
a
next to promoter ; otherwise basal transcript
binds normally to promoter but if repressor
.
Pot
, ↳
↳
RNA
weak promoter
protein is birded next to promoter basal transcript =
.
ex Mal operon :
genes that allow bacteria to breakdown ↳
strong promoter
.
Lau :
cleaves lactose in half
maltose into 2 glucose
maltose Lacy : allows lactose to enter
=
inducer
ex . Lac operon cell
P Matt T O P malt malt T lactose =
inducer operator overlaps promoter
/
↳
maltose binds to Matt protein ( allosteric ) and Matt P tact T P O IACZ lacy T
can then bind to operator -1 RECRUIT RNA Pot
↳
tact binds to operator to BLOCK RNA recruitment
maltose
↳
no :
Matt can't bind to operator but RNA
pot can sometimes ( basal transcript ↳
lactose :
binds to LACI +
prevent it from binding
to operator
promoter strength
☐
↳
no lactose
:
tact can bind to operator +
block RNA Pot
strong weak 3
destroyed tact P rs .
WT W/O lactose
↳
no tact =
no repress
tact binds =
basal
↑ RNA Pot affinity ↓ RNA pot affinity
.
↑ transcript mutant more lacz
↑ transcription freq ↓ transcription freq
.
4 Matt T destroyed rs .
WT W/ maltose
ta
P malt
* 0 P malt malt T
destroyed 0 rs . WT W/ lactose
↑ 2 promoters for gene so ↑ transcript
repression transcript
↳
no .
.
↑t transcript mutant more malp
=
↑ transcription n
same lacz
lb 0
destroyed vs. WT w/o lactose
↳
↑ transcript .
basal transcript .
mutant more lacz
Za
destroyed T
for tact vs Wl w/ lactose
+
P 0 for Lac operon ↑ transcript .
↳
tact constitutive
mutant prod
driven by 1ˢᵗ
.
↳
tall P
less Lacz
=
medium transcript
2b
same mutant WT W/O lactose
medium transcript basal transcript
=
.
.
mutant prod .
more lacz
thermodynamics
.
D
Protein Synthesis
☐
RNA location & fate
↳
Initiation
Stability A Bacteria
10W HIGH RNA
no processing A
↳
Bacteria
OH ( bonding ) weak strong ↳
stays in cytoplasm for transcript transl ribosome binds to ribosome site ( next to AUG )
binding
1
.
05 ( notional motion at notional B
Eukaryotes 2
protein synthesis
freedom ) constraints freedom ↳
transport out nucleus for transl .
B
↳
RNA processed
→
mature mRNA Eukaryotes
☆ metabolism focus 01-1 ( make break bonds )
splicing " '"" M "
on +
"" s
◦
-
exons stay , introns
l
initiation factors bind to 5
'
cap
+
recruit small ribosoma
↳
catabolic
=
① OH -006 ⑦ 05 &
, ,
'
Unit tRNA
④ 5 3 DOH A
'
⊖ cap tail
•
anabolic ④
+
↳
OH 0
G •
s
-
=
, ,
↓
depends on
rapid mRNA degradation
-
as protein folding stability AUG detected large ribosomal joins and tRNA
2
then unit
driven
/
-006 -1 amount
* :
bilayer formation -006
-
, ,
help nuclear export
-
◦ + mRNA ( Met ) attains to P sit
DNA
winding -006 _
↑ mRNA
stability
=
↑ gene expression
③ Initiation factors leaves when joins
☐
transcription B
large subunit
Eukaryotes
A
Bacteria frames
reading
↳
TATA Open
and general
1
binding protein binds to TATA box
•
marked by ATG start 1
coding )
1-
Sigma factor bind to promoter +
recruits RNA pot transcription factors assemble around
I called holoenzyme ) TAC start 1 template )
complex
orientation determines direction pot Elongation
↳
of RNA
Together they recruit tgt form basal
2
RNA pot 3 things
-
, ; .
transcription complex The 3 things + activator proteins second tRNA A site
2
.
'
enters ribosome +
binds to
RNA pot separates DNA strands +
begins adding 1 that bind to enhancers ) form a giant complex
RNA nucleotides to +1 site
2
peptide bond will form between Met and 2nd amin
3
3
Sigma factor is released & RNA Pot continues downstream , RNA pot starts adding nucleotides to +1 site and continues acid
making the new RNA strand downstream . Once it transcribes terminator , the T will signal 3
first tRNA will more to E site +
eject ; ribosome
D RNA pot to stop ( length of RNA after terminator depends mores 1 codon in 5
'
→
3
'
direction The second tRNA
transcriptional control .
on terminator factor proteins ) moves to P site
frequency of binding ( general transcript 4 added
'
promoter RNA Pot New amino acids are to A site
DNA interaction ,
, ,
factors
→
backbone :
⊖ charged ↳
Termination
strength of surfaces
2
binding
:
how tightly something binds +
sticks
↳
bases - :
ID -
ID
\
to DNA ( proteins interaction w/ DNA ) between strands :
H bonds -
'
stop codon reached by release factor
,
☆ ↑ frequency / ↑
strength ↑ transcripts #
polypeptide gets cut off @
2
=
covalent tRNA P site
/ any
non -
in +
major groove everything disassembles
↳
fewer minor
=
most base interactions ;
☐
positive regulation groove int .
↳
RNA pot promoter it activator protein
binds to binds
negative regulation
a
next to promoter ; otherwise basal transcript
binds normally to promoter but if repressor
.
Pot
, ↳
↳
RNA
weak promoter
protein is birded next to promoter basal transcript =
.
ex Mal operon :
genes that allow bacteria to breakdown ↳
strong promoter
.
Lau :
cleaves lactose in half
maltose into 2 glucose
maltose Lacy : allows lactose to enter
=
inducer
ex . Lac operon cell
P Matt T O P malt malt T lactose =
inducer operator overlaps promoter
/
↳
maltose binds to Matt protein ( allosteric ) and Matt P tact T P O IACZ lacy T
can then bind to operator -1 RECRUIT RNA Pot
↳
tact binds to operator to BLOCK RNA recruitment
maltose
↳
no :
Matt can't bind to operator but RNA
pot can sometimes ( basal transcript ↳
lactose :
binds to LACI +
prevent it from binding
to operator
promoter strength
☐
↳
no lactose
:
tact can bind to operator +
block RNA Pot
strong weak 3
destroyed tact P rs .
WT W/O lactose
↳
no tact =
no repress
tact binds =
basal
↑ RNA Pot affinity ↓ RNA pot affinity
.
↑ transcript mutant more lacz
↑ transcription freq ↓ transcription freq
.
4 Matt T destroyed rs .
WT W/ maltose
ta
P malt
* 0 P malt malt T
destroyed 0 rs . WT W/ lactose
↑ 2 promoters for gene so ↑ transcript
repression transcript
↳
no .
.
↑t transcript mutant more malp
=
↑ transcription n
same lacz
lb 0
destroyed vs. WT w/o lactose
↳
↑ transcript .
basal transcript .
mutant more lacz
Za
destroyed T
for tact vs Wl w/ lactose
+
P 0 for Lac operon ↑ transcript .
↳
tact constitutive
mutant prod
driven by 1ˢᵗ
.
↳
tall P
less Lacz
=
medium transcript
2b
same mutant WT W/O lactose
medium transcript basal transcript
=
.
.
mutant prod .
more lacz
