FINALS
SECOND WAVE
Literary Criticisni The Equal Rights Amendment
It is the comparison , analysis, interpretation, Legal equality for wom en and banned
and/or evaluation of works of literature. It is discrimination on the basis of sex, was passed
essentially an opinion , supported by evidence , by Congress in 1972
r~lating to the theme. Style, setting , or Women were still relegated to unfulfilling roles
h1stoncal or political text. It usually includes in homemaking and child care. By this time ,
discussion of the world 's content and many people had started referring to feminism
integrates your ideas with other insights as "women 's liberation ".
gained from research.
THIRD WAVE
Literary Approaches' Equality for all?
A literary may be critiqued using different The feminist movement. especially the second
approaches. These approach wave, are largely limitedto white,
hes may correspond to different - even college-educated women , and that feminism
confli~ting - schools of thought pertaining to has failed to address the concerns of women
how literature as a whole should be viewed of color, lesbians, immigrants, and religious
and treated minorities.
§.QJOURNER TRUJli (c. 1797-1883)
1 Feminism
Sojourner Truth was an African American
abolitionist and women's rights activist
best-known for her speech on racial
Feminism -Advocacy, Approach, Belief, Criticism
inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?", delivered
The advocacy of w omen's rights on the basis
extemporaneously in 1851 at the Ohio
of th e$q u~ ~nhe se-xe~ '; Women's Right Convention
Truth was born into slavery but escaped with
HERstocy of Eeroioism as a Movement
her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. She
devoted her life to the abolitionist cause and
Early feminists .. .
helped to recruit Blacl troops for the Union
Greek civilization.
Army. Although Truth began her career as an
Athens: Patron goddess is Athena. (Therefore
abolitionist, the reform causes she sponsored
women in Athens have more rights than the
were broad and varied, including prison
women in other parts of Greece, but still
reform, property rights and universal suffrage.
minimal rights)
Sparta: Gave women rights.
Atalanta: Female Greek hero.
feminism io L ileratuce
Women are mentioned only and not given the
recognition or focus. __ " Literature is a large male-dominated domain . Women
PLATO: women possess "natural capacitIei
writers are outnumbered and voiceless while many
equaJ to men for governing and defending \ literary anthologies now include female writers, they
ancient Greece Y are lamentably outnumbered by the males.
The women of Ancient Rome staged a
massive protest over Oppian Law, which Adeline Virgina Woolf
restricted women's access to gold and other
Was an English writer, considered one of the
goods . most important modernist 20th century authors
Roman consu!!'!J«i!:Ptlil:aUS Cato il'gued, and alsQ~ pioneer in the use o~-~~
"'As soon as they begin to be you~ eq"u'a ls, they
,~ ciousness as a narrative c f e ~g
will have becOme your supenors! cha acte1 s pero-na om,erse_e:,_._pa • a ng
characters ???)
Feminism is Feminism . .. If any woman had the same literary prowess
_ A belief in the political, economic and cultural as Shakespeare, she would have been
equality of women has roots in the ear1iest deprived of the opportunity to write and gain
eras of human civilization fame." -A Room of One's Own
Three waves: first wave,..
The 2oth century witnessed efforts to put an end to
Feminism throughout the years many forms of discrimination against women.
FIRST WAVE
_ Women's Suffrage and the Seneca Falls Feminism as an approach to literacy Criticism
Convention . Feminism reads a text within a social context
' ) awe hold these truths to be self-ev,dent; that It analyzes textual representations from the
all men and women are creat~d equal. ". woman's perspective, such as those involved
The feminists dem~n~~ "the•~ sacred nght to in the stereotyping and "objectification" of
the elective franchise , Ir the nght to vote
womanhood
, < e\-<1«:.k.ts \'"1-+!'Cj~ - . 1;uuh>.J
•t~ ~ - J. ,reqJ. 1 ~
• ~ r\ J\-;h.o_,
• ;r,le,J....o.r"' ck, ....\oJ.; •~ ·y- IA.D '
'i,«t;c,1 ' k..,..;,,;.,-l , .,.J; f.-..J.
E.g. Mistress: A sin of man but it believed that it is religious works - position women as the
female that causes of sin and death
E.g. Adam and Eve: Eve forced Adam to eat the apple ,
so it stereotypes that women are at fault for sinning. Keywords in Feminist Criticism that one must
understand in order to follow many works
It's understood to be concerned with the Patriarchy: traditional male-dominated society
politics of feminism , and it uses feminist Marginalization: to process or state of being
principles to critique the male-dominated forced to the edges of. . _
literature
The practice of Feminist Criticism
Feminist principles : Equal chances and opportunities It is applied to literature by examining the
should not be objectified or stereotyped. character's portrayals, the text's language, the
author's attitude, and the inter-character
1. Biographical context - Viewpoint or opinion relationships.
of women . Feminist critics also consider the author's
2. Social context within the story - What is the apparent commentary about society as a
treatment of women in the society in the whole .
narrative?
Some questions that feminist critics may ask
Feminist Criticism include:
Women's social , political , economic and *How is the relationship between men and ,., \
psychological oppression women portrayed? V
It seeks to view women in a new perspective *What are the power relationships between
and discover women's contributions to literary men and women?
history *How are male and female roles defined?
It aims to reinterpret the old texts and establish *What constitutes masculinity and femininity?
the importance of women 's writing to save it *What does the work reveal about the
from being lost or ignored in the operations {economic, political , social , or
male-dominated world psychological) of patriarchy?
*What does the work imply about the
En Hedu Ana/ En Hedu'anna: Largest contributor of possibilities of sisterhood as a mode of
the mesopotamnian literature_ resisting patriarchy?
Triple threat: Princess , Priestess , and *What does the work say about women's
Poet creativity?
Not given recognition because she is *What does the history of the work's reception
a woman. by the
It also seeks to establish female perspectives Ultimately, feminist criticism ...
as being of equal importance relative to male By considering literature and the world and their
contributions to literature and society, feminist criticsm
perspectives.
seeks to ...
Feminist Criticism's Major Concerns
It concerns itself with stereotypical Queer Criticism - Analyze and contest
representations of genders. Thus, although heterononnative structures and relations of meaning
there are many ideas that can be considered
through a feminist lens, feminist criticism is Queer Literary Criticism - 1t emerged from a
primarily concerned with a few ideas ... combination of post-strucutralist deconstruction of
essentialist understandings of gendered and sexual
a➔ ts _ idenitities and gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and
In this view, women's oppression has social , intersex political activism .
economic, political and psychological aspects
and is tied directly to the traditional system of Stereotype roles of gay: The comedian
male dominance at the head of the family Stereotype roles of lesbians: Tangy clothes, wearing
caps
b) Tha view thaf,__.., a,a MCOlldaN Same discrimination as feminism: gender and
Women's oppression has historically been sexuality.
rationalized as being due to supposed to
differences in male versus female physical and
mental capabilities
c• ct••*r,;,,;i,;ion •awt. ~
W hen women are considered as the feminine
2 Marxism
Marxism
counterpart to male masculinity, some male - - _- A social, political, and economic philosophy
authors - especially those who produce named after Karl Marx, which examines the
SECOND WAVE
Literary Criticisni The Equal Rights Amendment
It is the comparison , analysis, interpretation, Legal equality for wom en and banned
and/or evaluation of works of literature. It is discrimination on the basis of sex, was passed
essentially an opinion , supported by evidence , by Congress in 1972
r~lating to the theme. Style, setting , or Women were still relegated to unfulfilling roles
h1stoncal or political text. It usually includes in homemaking and child care. By this time ,
discussion of the world 's content and many people had started referring to feminism
integrates your ideas with other insights as "women 's liberation ".
gained from research.
THIRD WAVE
Literary Approaches' Equality for all?
A literary may be critiqued using different The feminist movement. especially the second
approaches. These approach wave, are largely limitedto white,
hes may correspond to different - even college-educated women , and that feminism
confli~ting - schools of thought pertaining to has failed to address the concerns of women
how literature as a whole should be viewed of color, lesbians, immigrants, and religious
and treated minorities.
§.QJOURNER TRUJli (c. 1797-1883)
1 Feminism
Sojourner Truth was an African American
abolitionist and women's rights activist
best-known for her speech on racial
Feminism -Advocacy, Approach, Belief, Criticism
inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?", delivered
The advocacy of w omen's rights on the basis
extemporaneously in 1851 at the Ohio
of th e$q u~ ~nhe se-xe~ '; Women's Right Convention
Truth was born into slavery but escaped with
HERstocy of Eeroioism as a Movement
her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. She
devoted her life to the abolitionist cause and
Early feminists .. .
helped to recruit Blacl troops for the Union
Greek civilization.
Army. Although Truth began her career as an
Athens: Patron goddess is Athena. (Therefore
abolitionist, the reform causes she sponsored
women in Athens have more rights than the
were broad and varied, including prison
women in other parts of Greece, but still
reform, property rights and universal suffrage.
minimal rights)
Sparta: Gave women rights.
Atalanta: Female Greek hero.
feminism io L ileratuce
Women are mentioned only and not given the
recognition or focus. __ " Literature is a large male-dominated domain . Women
PLATO: women possess "natural capacitIei
writers are outnumbered and voiceless while many
equaJ to men for governing and defending \ literary anthologies now include female writers, they
ancient Greece Y are lamentably outnumbered by the males.
The women of Ancient Rome staged a
massive protest over Oppian Law, which Adeline Virgina Woolf
restricted women's access to gold and other
Was an English writer, considered one of the
goods . most important modernist 20th century authors
Roman consu!!'!J«i!:Ptlil:aUS Cato il'gued, and alsQ~ pioneer in the use o~-~~
"'As soon as they begin to be you~ eq"u'a ls, they
,~ ciousness as a narrative c f e ~g
will have becOme your supenors! cha acte1 s pero-na om,erse_e:,_._pa • a ng
characters ???)
Feminism is Feminism . .. If any woman had the same literary prowess
_ A belief in the political, economic and cultural as Shakespeare, she would have been
equality of women has roots in the ear1iest deprived of the opportunity to write and gain
eras of human civilization fame." -A Room of One's Own
Three waves: first wave,..
The 2oth century witnessed efforts to put an end to
Feminism throughout the years many forms of discrimination against women.
FIRST WAVE
_ Women's Suffrage and the Seneca Falls Feminism as an approach to literacy Criticism
Convention . Feminism reads a text within a social context
' ) awe hold these truths to be self-ev,dent; that It analyzes textual representations from the
all men and women are creat~d equal. ". woman's perspective, such as those involved
The feminists dem~n~~ "the•~ sacred nght to in the stereotyping and "objectification" of
the elective franchise , Ir the nght to vote
womanhood
, < e\-<1«:.k.ts \'"1-+!'Cj~ - . 1;uuh>.J
•t~ ~ - J. ,reqJ. 1 ~
• ~ r\ J\-;h.o_,
• ;r,le,J....o.r"' ck, ....\oJ.; •~ ·y- IA.D '
'i,«t;c,1 ' k..,..;,,;.,-l , .,.J; f.-..J.
E.g. Mistress: A sin of man but it believed that it is religious works - position women as the
female that causes of sin and death
E.g. Adam and Eve: Eve forced Adam to eat the apple ,
so it stereotypes that women are at fault for sinning. Keywords in Feminist Criticism that one must
understand in order to follow many works
It's understood to be concerned with the Patriarchy: traditional male-dominated society
politics of feminism , and it uses feminist Marginalization: to process or state of being
principles to critique the male-dominated forced to the edges of. . _
literature
The practice of Feminist Criticism
Feminist principles : Equal chances and opportunities It is applied to literature by examining the
should not be objectified or stereotyped. character's portrayals, the text's language, the
author's attitude, and the inter-character
1. Biographical context - Viewpoint or opinion relationships.
of women . Feminist critics also consider the author's
2. Social context within the story - What is the apparent commentary about society as a
treatment of women in the society in the whole .
narrative?
Some questions that feminist critics may ask
Feminist Criticism include:
Women's social , political , economic and *How is the relationship between men and ,., \
psychological oppression women portrayed? V
It seeks to view women in a new perspective *What are the power relationships between
and discover women's contributions to literary men and women?
history *How are male and female roles defined?
It aims to reinterpret the old texts and establish *What constitutes masculinity and femininity?
the importance of women 's writing to save it *What does the work reveal about the
from being lost or ignored in the operations {economic, political , social , or
male-dominated world psychological) of patriarchy?
*What does the work imply about the
En Hedu Ana/ En Hedu'anna: Largest contributor of possibilities of sisterhood as a mode of
the mesopotamnian literature_ resisting patriarchy?
Triple threat: Princess , Priestess , and *What does the work say about women's
Poet creativity?
Not given recognition because she is *What does the history of the work's reception
a woman. by the
It also seeks to establish female perspectives Ultimately, feminist criticism ...
as being of equal importance relative to male By considering literature and the world and their
contributions to literature and society, feminist criticsm
perspectives.
seeks to ...
Feminist Criticism's Major Concerns
It concerns itself with stereotypical Queer Criticism - Analyze and contest
representations of genders. Thus, although heterononnative structures and relations of meaning
there are many ideas that can be considered
through a feminist lens, feminist criticism is Queer Literary Criticism - 1t emerged from a
primarily concerned with a few ideas ... combination of post-strucutralist deconstruction of
essentialist understandings of gendered and sexual
a➔ ts _ idenitities and gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and
In this view, women's oppression has social , intersex political activism .
economic, political and psychological aspects
and is tied directly to the traditional system of Stereotype roles of gay: The comedian
male dominance at the head of the family Stereotype roles of lesbians: Tangy clothes, wearing
caps
b) Tha view thaf,__.., a,a MCOlldaN Same discrimination as feminism: gender and
Women's oppression has historically been sexuality.
rationalized as being due to supposed to
differences in male versus female physical and
mental capabilities
c• ct••*r,;,,;i,;ion •awt. ~
W hen women are considered as the feminine
2 Marxism
Marxism
counterpart to male masculinity, some male - - _- A social, political, and economic philosophy
authors - especially those who produce named after Karl Marx, which examines the
