Chapter 17; from stone to Bronze technology and material culture
(2900 – 1100 BC)
2900 BC: extensive use plough and wagon with solid wooden disc wheels revolutionary
developments in agriculture and transport.
Few centuries later: emerge metal production
Pottery + stone artifacts underwent stylistic changes
Pottery
Pottery single grave culture
1) Thin walled (protruding foot) beakers – corded impressions/grooves – tempered with
sand
2) Coarser beaker pots – fingertip impressions + raised cordons – tempered with grit
Occupation period single grave culture 4 phases of c. 100 years each (based on the
typological characteristics of the hammer axes)
2900 BC beginning production beakers, slender with s-shaped profiles, decorations
Above belly
2600BC AOO (all over ornamented) phase single grave culture (about 100 years)
2500BC bell beakers, bands of decoration all over
2200BC Veluwe bell beakers
- Beakers decorated with a fine toothed spatula
EBA lavish decoration disappeared, spatula replaced by object with string wounded
Around it barbed wire impressions (2000 – 1800 BC)
1800BC - different style of pottery, larger and more crudely decorated than beakers
Typical beaker SGC – beaker with short wave moulding – rim and bordering zone adorned
with moulded decoration bearing fingertip impressions, bottom part undecorated, use of
sand as temper
Pot beakers – decorated with fingertip/nail impressions, sometimes combined with grooves,
over entire surface, tempered with grit
Coarse beakers disappeared at beginning MBA production methods didn’t change; crudely
finished and tempered with grit/fine gravel
After 1800 (MBA) BC – north / east: Elp pottery
- Central/ south: Hilversum/drakenstein/laren pottery
- Westfrisia: hoogkarspel pottery
Al three; barrel/bucked shaped pots with thick walls, tempered with grit + shrinkage cracks
Elp - no decoration (rare fingernail impressions)
Hilversum; - few rows of cord impressions beneath the rim, fingertip impressions
On the shoulder
- Horse shoe shaped handles
- Fingernail/ reed / bone impressions (also in drakenstein)
1600BC - cord impressions disappeared barrel shaped drakenstein,
Decorated with cordon bearing fingertip impressions (since 1800BC)
End MBA -westfrisia hoogkarspelware
- manufacturing technique the same but wide range of types +
Decoration differs
- Fingertip impressions covering the entire surface
- Also a lot of spindle whorls found
(2900 – 1100 BC)
2900 BC: extensive use plough and wagon with solid wooden disc wheels revolutionary
developments in agriculture and transport.
Few centuries later: emerge metal production
Pottery + stone artifacts underwent stylistic changes
Pottery
Pottery single grave culture
1) Thin walled (protruding foot) beakers – corded impressions/grooves – tempered with
sand
2) Coarser beaker pots – fingertip impressions + raised cordons – tempered with grit
Occupation period single grave culture 4 phases of c. 100 years each (based on the
typological characteristics of the hammer axes)
2900 BC beginning production beakers, slender with s-shaped profiles, decorations
Above belly
2600BC AOO (all over ornamented) phase single grave culture (about 100 years)
2500BC bell beakers, bands of decoration all over
2200BC Veluwe bell beakers
- Beakers decorated with a fine toothed spatula
EBA lavish decoration disappeared, spatula replaced by object with string wounded
Around it barbed wire impressions (2000 – 1800 BC)
1800BC - different style of pottery, larger and more crudely decorated than beakers
Typical beaker SGC – beaker with short wave moulding – rim and bordering zone adorned
with moulded decoration bearing fingertip impressions, bottom part undecorated, use of
sand as temper
Pot beakers – decorated with fingertip/nail impressions, sometimes combined with grooves,
over entire surface, tempered with grit
Coarse beakers disappeared at beginning MBA production methods didn’t change; crudely
finished and tempered with grit/fine gravel
After 1800 (MBA) BC – north / east: Elp pottery
- Central/ south: Hilversum/drakenstein/laren pottery
- Westfrisia: hoogkarspel pottery
Al three; barrel/bucked shaped pots with thick walls, tempered with grit + shrinkage cracks
Elp - no decoration (rare fingernail impressions)
Hilversum; - few rows of cord impressions beneath the rim, fingertip impressions
On the shoulder
- Horse shoe shaped handles
- Fingernail/ reed / bone impressions (also in drakenstein)
1600BC - cord impressions disappeared barrel shaped drakenstein,
Decorated with cordon bearing fingertip impressions (since 1800BC)
End MBA -westfrisia hoogkarspelware
- manufacturing technique the same but wide range of types +
Decoration differs
- Fingertip impressions covering the entire surface
- Also a lot of spindle whorls found
