Chapter 6: The Sensory System-Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology

conjunctiva A thin, clear membrane that lines the upper and lower eyelids and most of the surface of the eye ocul/o, opthalm/o, opt/o, optic/o eye 00:06 01:34 oculopathy disease of the eye ophthalmologist medical specialist (physician) of the eye optometrist specialist of the eye lacrim/o, dacry/o tear lacrimation process of producing tears dacryorrhea excess tear production -opia, -opsia vision hyperopia farsightedness Akinetopsia inability to see moving objects blephar/o eyelid blepharedema swelling of the eyelid blepharoplasty surgical repair of the eyelid corne/o, kerat/o cornea (clear, middle of the eye) corneal transplant replacement of cornea from a donor keratitis inflammation of the cornea conjunctiv/o conjunctiva Conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva scler/o sclera (white of eye) scleritis inflammation of the sclera (white of the eye) choroid layer middle layer of the eye containing lens, iris, and ciliary muscles lens controlled by the ciliary muscles. Bend the light rays iris colored area, controls the size of the pupil ciliary muscles attach to the lens and bend it for focusing retina innermost layer of the eye. Contains cells that turn into electric signal that are sent to the brain via the optic nerve vitre/o vitreous humor vitreous humor Thick, jelly -like substance that fills the posterior cavity (space behind the lens) of the eye. Functions to keep the eye in a sphere-like shape and to bend light rays vitreous liquid fluid that fills the posterior cavity of the eye cycl/o ciliary body cycloplegia paralysis of the ciliary body retin/o retina vitrectomy removal of the vitreous humor retinitis inflammation of the retina retinoscope device that views the retina ir/o, irid/o iris Iritis inflammation of the iris iridalgia pain in the iris phac/o, phak/o lens phacoscope device to view the lens phakitis inflammation of the lens How do ears work? They turn energy created from sound waves into electric signals. Signals are sent to the brain which interprets the signals into hearing aur/o, ot/o ear aural pertaining to the ear otoscope device used to view the ear acous/o, audi/o sound, hearing acoustic pertaining to sound audiogram record of hearing -acusis hearing condition hyperacusis exaggerated hearing osteoacusis conduction of sound through bones What makes up the outer ear? pinna and ear canal pinna outer ear, shaped like a funnel to collect sounds from the air and send them down the ear canal tympanic membrane eardrum. Separates the outer ear from the middle ear what is contained within the tympanic membrane? Tiny bones: malleus, incus, and the stapes What do the malleus, incus, and stapes do? carry vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear cerumin/o ear wax ceruminolysis breakdown of ear wax salping/o ear canal rhinosalpingitis inflammation of the nose and ear canal tympan/o, myring/o eardrum tympanostomy creation of an opening in the eardrum myringotomy incision into the eardrum mastiod/o mastoid process mastoiditis inflammation of the mastoid process cochlea Inner ear, bony shell filled with fluid and hair. How do sound waves travel through the inner ear? Sound waves move the fluid in the cochlea and vibrates tiny hairs attached to a membrane. The tiny hairs vibrate, creating electrical signals that travel down the acoustic nerve to the brain What is the inner ear responsible for? hearing, balance, and direction Vestibular system Canals filled with with fluid and hair. Sends information to the brain about the tilt, rotation, and motion of the head. This allows the brain to coordinate movement with the eyes. labyrinth/o maze (labyrinth, inner ear) labyrinthitis inflammation of the labyrinth (inner ear) vestibul/o entry way (vestibule) vestibulitis inflammation of the vestibule (of the inner ear) cochle/o cochlea (shaped like a snail shell) cochleitis inflammation of the cochlea Common ear complaints -changes in hearing -ear pain/mastoid pain (often infection) -changes in balance (abnormalities of the inner ear) Akinetopsia inability to see objects in motion ambiopia, diplopia double vision ambylopia decreased vision (ex. lazy eye) asthenopia weak vision hemianopsia blindness in half of the visual field myopia nearsightedness presbyopia decreased vision due to old age scoptopia adjustment of the eye to seeing in darkness blepharoplegia paralysis of the eyelid blepharospasm involuntary contraction of the eyelid dacryoadenalgia pain in the tear gland dacryocystalgia pain in the tear sac dacryohemorrhea blood in the tears dacryorrhea excessive flow of tears xerophthalmia dry eyes opthalmalgia pain in the eye opthalmoplegia paralysis of the eye astigmatism vision problem caused by the fact that light rays are not focused on a single point in the back of the eye corneal xerosis dryness of the cornea keratalgia pain in the cornea miosis abnormal contraction of the pupil mydriasis abnormal dilation of the pupil iridalgia pain in the iris cycloplegia paralysis of the ciliary body scotoma dark spot in the visual field hyperacusis excessively sensitive hearing hypoacusis excessively insensitive hearing osteoacusis hearing through bone presbycusis Hearing loss in old age mastoidalgia pain in the mastoid process otalgia, otodynia ear pain otorrhea discharge from the ear tinnitus ringing in the ears vertigo (Dizziness) sensation of moving through space (while stationary) cerumen ear wax otoscopy procedure for examining the ear otoscope instrument to view the ear opthalmologist A medical doctor that is an eye specialist optometrist specialist in measuring the eye opthalmoscope Instrument to view the eye optomyometer device that determines the strength of the eye muscles phacoscope Instrument to view the lens retinoscope instrument to view the retina tonometer Device that measures the tone or pressure of the eye (intraocular pressure) retinoscopy procedure for looking at the retina Binocular pertaining to both eyes iridokinesis the movement of the iris lacrimation formation of tears (crying) nasolacrimal pertaining to the nose and tear system Ophthalmic, optic pertaining to the eye Optokinetic pertaining to eye movement retinal pertaining to the retina blepharedema swelling of the eyelid blepharoptosis Drooping of the eyelid ectropion outward turning of the eyelid, away from the eye entropion inward turning of the eyelid, toward the eye dacryolith hard formation (stone) in the tear system dacryopyorrhea discharge of pus in tears exophthalmus protrusion of the eyes out of the eye socket nystagmus involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eyes strabismus Eyes deviate while looking at the same object esotropia turning the eye inward toward the nose exotropia outward turning of the eye, away from the nose scleromalacia, keratomalacia abnormal softening of the cornea pterygium winglike growth of conjunctival tissue extending to the cornea papilledema swelling of the optic nerve where it enters the retina phacomalacia abnormal softening of the lens phacosclerosis abnormal hardening of the lens salpingoscope instrument to view the Eustachian tube pneumatic otoscopy procedure for examining the ear using air; air is pushed against the eardrum to see how much it moves; less movement indicates that fluid has built up audiometer instrument that measures hearing audiogram record produced by an audiometer tympanometry procedure for measuring the eardrum audiologist hearing specialist