1
, Study Designs
Individual
Group based
based
Ecological Observational Experimental
Descriptive Analytical Clinical Trials Program Trials
Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Longitudinal
Cohort Case-Control
(prospective) (retrospective) 2
,The major study designs differ in
several respects:
• Unit of observation
• Manipulation of exposure
• Randomization
• Direction of investigation
• Timing of data collection
• Data collection methods
3
, 4
2012 Forrest & Miller.
, Study Designs
Individual
Group based
based
Ecological Observational Experimental
Descriptive Analytical Clinical Trials Program Trials
Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Longitudinal
Cohort Case-Control
(prospective) (retrospective) 2
,The major study designs differ in
several respects:
• Unit of observation
• Manipulation of exposure
• Randomization
• Direction of investigation
• Timing of data collection
• Data collection methods
3
, 4
2012 Forrest & Miller.