IBCLC Exam
% of breastmilk that is carbohydrates ans: Approximately 7%
Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk.
% of breastmilk that is fat ans: Approximately 4%
Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50.
% of breastmilk that is protein ans: Approximately .8 - 1 %
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272.
% of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates ans: Approximately 40%
Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69.
% of calories in breastmilk from fat ans: Approximately 50%
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 124.
% of calories in breastmilk from protein ans: Approximately 10%
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272.
Acinus ans: Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined with secretory cells.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=1296699192
Acrocyanosis ans: Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; peripheral cyanosis. Should
not persist beyond 24 hours after birth.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Active immunity ans: Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's own immune system.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868.
Active transport ans: Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in breastmilk.
Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470.
Acyclovir/Zovirax ans: Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177.
Aerobic bacteria ans: Bacteria requiring air for metabolic processes. The breast is colonized with this
type of bacteria.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
AGA ans: Appropriate for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentile
on intrauterine growth charts.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671.
,Alcohol and breastfeeding ans: Alcohol can decrease milk supply. Breastfeeding must be interrupted for
1 hour per drink, or until mother is sober.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 171 & 188.
Aldomet/Methyldopa ans: Antihypertensive, L2. Frequently used to treat hypertension during
pregnancy. No concerns reported via breastmilk.
Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 667.
Allergen ans: A substance that causes an allergic response, such as foods, drugs, inhalants. Cow's milk is
common source for infants.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Alveolar ridge ans: The ridges on the upper and lower jaw where infant's teeth will grow.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Alveolus, alveoli ans: Secrete and store milk for let down. Surrounded by myoepithelial cells, contractile
cells and connective tissue.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80.
Amenorrhea ans: A natural phase of infertility that takes place when a mother is exclusively
breastfeeding. Menstruation has not returned.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 707 &865.
Amoxicillin ans: Antibiotic, L2. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177.
Ampicillin ans: Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177.
Anaphylaxis ans: Hypersensitivity (as to foreign proteins or drugs) resulting from sensitization following
prior contact with the causative agent.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anaphylaxis.
Anchor scar ans: Surgical technique for breast reduction, slang.
Ankyglossia ans: A tongue tie. Characterized by a thick, short, or tight frenulum under the tongue. Can
cause breastfeeding issues, such as a painful latch or inefficient milk transfer.
Anterior pituitary ans: This gland releases prolactin into the blood effecting milk production and
ejection. It is susceptible to stress.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91.
Anthrax ans: Infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus anthrax), characterized by
external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs.
Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anthrax.
Antibody ans: Immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen, including bacteria and viruses.
Antibodies attack those bacteria or viruses helping the body resist infection.
,Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Antigen ans: Substance that stimulates antibody production. May be dust, food, or bacteria.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Apgar score ans: Index to evaluate the condition of a newborn infant based on a rating of 0, 1, or 2 for
color, heart rate, reflex response, muscle tone, and respiration with 10 being a perfect score.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/apgar%20score.
Apocrine gland ans: Sweat glands located on the areola that secrete a scent.
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 197-
198.
Apoptosis ans: Programmed normal cell death.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Applied research ans: Research that focuses on solving or finding an answer to a clinical or practical
problem.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Areola ans: The darker pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple. Contains sebaceous glands
(Montgomery Glands)
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Aspirin ans: Salicylate analgesic, L3. Use associated with Reye's Syndrome in infants.
Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 87.
Atopic eczema ans: Inherited allergic tendency to skin rashes or inflammation. Exclusively breastfed
infants are less likely to develop as cow's milk protein is a common allergen.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Autocrine control ans: The point in lactation when milk supply is controlled by milk removal. Local
control in the breast.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92.
Autonomy ans: The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision.
Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy#Medicine.
Average ans: The middle value of a data set. Add all the numbers and divided by the amount of numbers
in the set.
Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average.
Axilla ans: Underarm. Breast tissue (the axillary tail) can sometimes extend into axilla.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863-864.
B Cell ans: Lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissue; found in breastmilk.
Attacks antigens.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
, Back to sleep ans: A campaign that significantly reduced SIDS. Babies are less prone to SIDS when
sleeping on their back.
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 632.
Bactericidal ans: Destroys bacteria.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bactericidal.
Bacteriostatic ans: Prevents the growth of bacteria.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Bactrim/Septra ans: Sulfonamide antibiotic, L3. The mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. No
concerns reported via breastmilk.
Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 249.
BALT/GALT/MALT ans: Bronchus/gut/mammary-associated immunocompetent lymphoid tissue.
Intermammary pathway. IgA antibodies are transferred through breastmilk to the infant.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Basic research ans: Research that generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Bed-sharing ans: Sharing adult bed with baby. Questioned safety in reduction of SIDS. Safe bed sharing
has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282-283.
Bellagio Consensus Conference ans: Meeting to develop protocol for the Lactational Amenorrhea
Method of birth control. 1988.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 714-715.
Beneficence ans: The duty to do good.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31.
BFHI Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative ans: Initiative by UNICEF and WHO (1991) to support breastfeeding
in hospitals and maternity centers. "The 10 Steps".
Unicef. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Available online:
http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/baby.htm.
Bioavailable ans: The amount of a nutrient that is actually absorbed by the body. Nutrients found in
breastmilk are easily absorbed by the infant's body.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Bisphenol A ans: (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned.
(BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned.
Bivariate ans: Statistics derived from the analysis of the relationship between two variables.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
% of breastmilk that is carbohydrates ans: Approximately 7%
Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk.
% of breastmilk that is fat ans: Approximately 4%
Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50.
% of breastmilk that is protein ans: Approximately .8 - 1 %
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272.
% of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates ans: Approximately 40%
Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69.
% of calories in breastmilk from fat ans: Approximately 50%
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 124.
% of calories in breastmilk from protein ans: Approximately 10%
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272.
Acinus ans: Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined with secretory cells.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=1296699192
Acrocyanosis ans: Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; peripheral cyanosis. Should
not persist beyond 24 hours after birth.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Active immunity ans: Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's own immune system.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868.
Active transport ans: Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in breastmilk.
Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470.
Acyclovir/Zovirax ans: Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177.
Aerobic bacteria ans: Bacteria requiring air for metabolic processes. The breast is colonized with this
type of bacteria.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
AGA ans: Appropriate for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentile
on intrauterine growth charts.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671.
,Alcohol and breastfeeding ans: Alcohol can decrease milk supply. Breastfeeding must be interrupted for
1 hour per drink, or until mother is sober.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 171 & 188.
Aldomet/Methyldopa ans: Antihypertensive, L2. Frequently used to treat hypertension during
pregnancy. No concerns reported via breastmilk.
Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 667.
Allergen ans: A substance that causes an allergic response, such as foods, drugs, inhalants. Cow's milk is
common source for infants.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Alveolar ridge ans: The ridges on the upper and lower jaw where infant's teeth will grow.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Alveolus, alveoli ans: Secrete and store milk for let down. Surrounded by myoepithelial cells, contractile
cells and connective tissue.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80.
Amenorrhea ans: A natural phase of infertility that takes place when a mother is exclusively
breastfeeding. Menstruation has not returned.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 707 &865.
Amoxicillin ans: Antibiotic, L2. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177.
Ampicillin ans: Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177.
Anaphylaxis ans: Hypersensitivity (as to foreign proteins or drugs) resulting from sensitization following
prior contact with the causative agent.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anaphylaxis.
Anchor scar ans: Surgical technique for breast reduction, slang.
Ankyglossia ans: A tongue tie. Characterized by a thick, short, or tight frenulum under the tongue. Can
cause breastfeeding issues, such as a painful latch or inefficient milk transfer.
Anterior pituitary ans: This gland releases prolactin into the blood effecting milk production and
ejection. It is susceptible to stress.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91.
Anthrax ans: Infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus anthrax), characterized by
external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs.
Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anthrax.
Antibody ans: Immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen, including bacteria and viruses.
Antibodies attack those bacteria or viruses helping the body resist infection.
,Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Antigen ans: Substance that stimulates antibody production. May be dust, food, or bacteria.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Apgar score ans: Index to evaluate the condition of a newborn infant based on a rating of 0, 1, or 2 for
color, heart rate, reflex response, muscle tone, and respiration with 10 being a perfect score.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/apgar%20score.
Apocrine gland ans: Sweat glands located on the areola that secrete a scent.
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 197-
198.
Apoptosis ans: Programmed normal cell death.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Applied research ans: Research that focuses on solving or finding an answer to a clinical or practical
problem.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Areola ans: The darker pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple. Contains sebaceous glands
(Montgomery Glands)
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Aspirin ans: Salicylate analgesic, L3. Use associated with Reye's Syndrome in infants.
Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 87.
Atopic eczema ans: Inherited allergic tendency to skin rashes or inflammation. Exclusively breastfed
infants are less likely to develop as cow's milk protein is a common allergen.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863.
Autocrine control ans: The point in lactation when milk supply is controlled by milk removal. Local
control in the breast.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92.
Autonomy ans: The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision.
Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy#Medicine.
Average ans: The middle value of a data set. Add all the numbers and divided by the amount of numbers
in the set.
Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average.
Axilla ans: Underarm. Breast tissue (the axillary tail) can sometimes extend into axilla.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863-864.
B Cell ans: Lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissue; found in breastmilk.
Attacks antigens.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
, Back to sleep ans: A campaign that significantly reduced SIDS. Babies are less prone to SIDS when
sleeping on their back.
Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 632.
Bactericidal ans: Destroys bacteria.
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bactericidal.
Bacteriostatic ans: Prevents the growth of bacteria.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Bactrim/Septra ans: Sulfonamide antibiotic, L3. The mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. No
concerns reported via breastmilk.
Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 249.
BALT/GALT/MALT ans: Bronchus/gut/mammary-associated immunocompetent lymphoid tissue.
Intermammary pathway. IgA antibodies are transferred through breastmilk to the infant.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Basic research ans: Research that generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Bed-sharing ans: Sharing adult bed with baby. Questioned safety in reduction of SIDS. Safe bed sharing
has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282-283.
Bellagio Consensus Conference ans: Meeting to develop protocol for the Lactational Amenorrhea
Method of birth control. 1988.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 714-715.
Beneficence ans: The duty to do good.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31.
BFHI Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative ans: Initiative by UNICEF and WHO (1991) to support breastfeeding
in hospitals and maternity centers. "The 10 Steps".
Unicef. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Available online:
http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/baby.htm.
Bioavailable ans: The amount of a nutrient that is actually absorbed by the body. Nutrients found in
breastmilk are easily absorbed by the infant's body.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
Bisphenol A ans: (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned.
(BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned.
Bivariate ans: Statistics derived from the analysis of the relationship between two variables.
Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864.
