(SOLVED) PTCB Exam Study Guide

PTCB Exam Study Guide Dosage of Controlled Substances ans: *Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen* Hydrocodone: Range in strength from 2.5 to 10mg Acetaminophen: Range in strength from 325mg to 650mg Lorazepam: Total of 6mg each day in divided doses. Available in oral tablet and injectable solution. Methylphenidate: Dosed up to 72mg each day. Immediate-release can be taken once or twice a day as for the extended-release are only to be taken once a day. Dosage of Acetaminophen ans: Maximum Daily Dosage(with healthy liver) is 4,000mg Maximum Daily Dosage(with compromised liver) is 2,000mg In some cases, patients cannot metabolized acetaminophen at all. *Medications Acting on the Respiratory System* Medications That Are Commonly Used to Treat COPD: ans: 1.) *Bronchodilators* - albuterol/ Ventolin® - formoterol/ Performist® - salmeterol/ Serevent Diskus® 2.) *Anti-Inflammatory Agents* - ipratropium/ Atrovent® - tiotropium/ Spiriva® - fluticasone/ Flovent Diskus ® - budesonide/ Entocort® *Medications Acting on the Nervous System* Commonly Prescribed Antidepressants: ans: - sertraline/ Zoloft® - fluoxetine/ Prozac® - paroxetine/ Paxil® - citalopram/ Celexa® - escitalopram/ Lexapro® - venlafaxine/ Effexor XR® - desvenlafaxine/ Pristia® - duloxetine/ Cymbalta® - trazodone - bupropion/ Wellbutrin XL® - amitriptyline/(Brand name discontinued) - nortriptyline/ Pamelor® Dosages on Antidepressants ans: Amitriptyline: This medication is started at a dose of 10mg and can be increased to up to 300mg per day. The dose can be taken at one time or divided over 2-3 occurrences. Available for oral tablets and intramuscular injections. Bupropion: The usual daily adult dose for this drug is 150mg to 300mg, either divided doses or in a single extended release tablet. The maximum daily dose is 450mg. Available in standard or extended-release tablets. Citalopram: This drug is dosed at 20mg to 40mg daily; it's recommended no to exceed 40mg per day. Available in oral tablets or as an oral solution. Mirtazapine: This drug is usually dosed between 15mg to 45mg each day. Available in oral tablets or disintegrating oral tablets. Drug-Food and Drug-Nutrient Interactions MAOIs and Tyramine ans: Foods like wine, cheese, pickled foods, and certain meats carry tyramine that can cause high blood pressure when prescribed with MAOIs. MOAIs include - phenelzine, selegiline, and tranylcypromine. *Medications Acting on the Nervous System* Commonly Prescribed Benzodiazepines: **the majority of Benzodiazepines are labeled as Class IV controlled substances** ans: - diazepam/ Valium® - lorazepam/ Ativan® - clonazepam/ Klonopin® - alprazalam/ Xanax® - midazolam/ Versed® - temazepam/ Restoril® Drug-OTC Interactions Antihistamines and Sedatives ans: Patients taking sedatives like diazepam, lorazepam, alprazalam, and midazolam should be cautious when taking over-the-counter medications since it can cause drowsiness, sedation, and hypnotics. *Medications Acting on the Nervous System* Commonly Prescribed Antipsychotics: ans: - chlorpromazine/ Thorazine® - fluphenazine/ Modecate® - haloperidol/ Haldol Decanote® - aripiprazole/ Ablify® - olanzapine/ Zyprexa® - risperidone/ Risperdal® - ziprasidone/ Geodone® - clonzapine/ Clorazil® *Medications Acting on the Nervous System* Commonly Prescribed Stimulant Medications (Sympathomimetic Drugs): ans: - methylphenidate/ Daytrana®, Ritalin®, Concerta® - dextroamphetamine/ ProCentra® - lisdexamfetamine/ Vyvanse® - atomoxetine/ Strattera® Drug-OTC Interactions Antihypertensives and Decongestants ans: Both decongestants, pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine, have sympathomimetic effects that are used in different OTC cough and cold medications which can cause hypertension. If a decongestant interacts with an antihypertensive medications it will result in reducing its effect on the blood pressure control of the antihypertensive agent. *Medications Acting on the Nervous System* Common Medications Prescribed for Anticonvulsants: ans: - carbamazepine/ Tegretol® - oxcarbazemine/ Trileptal® - phenytoin/ Dilantin Kapseal® - valproic acid/ Valproic® - divalproex/ Depakote® - levetiracetam/ Keppra XR® - lamotrigine/ Lammictal® - topiramate/ Topamax® - clobazam/ Onfi® *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of Lipid-Lowering Agents: ans: *Statins*: - provastin/ Pravachol® - simvastin/FloLipid® - atorvastin/ Lipitor® - resurvastin/ Crestor® *Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors*: - ezetimible/ Zetia® - cholestyramine/ Prevalite® - colestipol/ Colestipol® *Fibrates*: - gemfibrozil/ Lopid® - fenofibrate/ Triglide® Drug-Food and Drug-Nutrient Information Statins and Grapefruit Juice ans: Patients taking Statins ,like provastin, simvastin, atorvastin, and resurvastin should avoid consuming large amounts of grapefruit due to statin buildup. This combination may cause muscle or liver damage and even rhabdomyolysis. *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of ACE Inhibitors include: ans: - ramipril/ Attace® - enalapril/ Vasotec® - lisinopril/ Pinivil® - captopril/ Capoten® - quinapril/ Accupril® - perindopril/ Conversyl Arginine® *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: ans: - losartan/ Cozaar® - irbesartan/ Avapro® - valsartan/ Diovan® - candesartan/ Atacand® - telmisartan/ Miscardis® - olmesartan/ Benicar® *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of Calcium Channel Blockers: ans: - amlodipine/ Norvasc® - nifedipine/ Procardia®, Adalat® - felodipine/ Fleotens® - verapamil/ Verelan® - diltiazem/ Cartia XT®, Tiazac® *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of Prescribed Beta Blockers: ans: - ateriolol/ Tenormin® - metoprolol/ Metoprolol XR® , Lopressor® - propranolol/ Inderal LA® - sotalol/ Betapace® - nadolol/ Corgard® - carvedilol/ Coreg® - labetalol/ Normodyne® *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of Common Vasodilators: ans: - nitroglycerin/ Rectiv®, Nitro-Time® (available as sublingual tab., sprays, patches, extended release cap.) - isosorbide mononitrate/ Imdur® - isosorbide dinitrate/ Dilatrate-SR® - hydralazine/ Apresoline® - minoxidil/ Loniten® Drug-Drug Interactions Nitroglycerin and Erectile Dysfunction Medications ans: Medications that helps treat erectile dysfunction, such as sildenafil, tadafil, and verdenafil, should not be taken with nitroglycerin since it can cause hypotension and even fatality. *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of Alpha Blockers include: ans: - prazosin/ Minipress® - doxazosin/ Candura® - terazosin/ Hytrin® - tamsulosin/ Flomax® (primarily used to treat BPH) - alfuzosin/ Uroxatral® (primarily used to treat BPH) *Medications Acting on the Cardiovascular System* Examples of Commonly Prescribed Diruretics: ans: - furosemide/ Lasix® - bumetanide/ Burinex® - hydrochlorothiazide/ Microzide® - spironolactone/ Aldactone® - amiloride/ Midamor® - triamterene/ Dyrenium® Drug-Disease Interactions Diuretics and Diabetes ans: A commonly prescribed diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide which can cause glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. If given to a patient with Type 2 diabetes their blood sugar becomes difficult to control. *Medications Acting on the Respiratory System* Examples of Antiasthmatics: ans: 1.) *Bronchodilators* - albuterol/ Ventolin® - formoterol/ Performist® - salmeterol/ Serevent Diskus® 2.) *Anti-Inflammatory Agents* - fluticasone/ Flovent Diskus ® - budesonide/ Entocort® - montelukast/ Singulair® - zafirlukast/ Accolate® Dosages of Antihypertensive Medications: ans: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ): The dosage can range from 25mg to 100mg per day, which can be taken once or in divided doses throughout the day. This medication is available in tablets, capsules, and as a solution. Atenolol: Based on medical conditions, the usual dose of this medication is 25mg to 100mg daily, with a maximum daily dose of 200mg. This medication is available in oral tablets and as IV injections. Amlodipine: This drug can be prescribed from 2.5mg to a maximum of 10mg each day and is available in oral tablets. Losartan: This medication is usually prescribed at 25mg to 100mg each day and can be taken all at once or divided into two doses. Available in oral tablets. *Medications Acting on the Digestive System* Medications Used to Treat Hyperacidity within Stomach: ans: - antacids(e.g. calcium carbonate)/ Tums® - ranitidine/ Zantac® - famotidine/ Pepcid® - omeprazole/ Prilosec® - esomeprazole/ Nexium® - lansoprazole/ Prevacid® - rabeprazole/ AcidHex® - pantoprazol/ Protonix®. Drug-Disease Interactions NSAIDS and Peptic Ulcers ans: NSAIDS should not be used by patients with peptic ulcers or with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease because NSAIDS ,such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are known to irritate the stomach. If a patient does have hyperacidity and is need of NSAIDS, gastro-protective agents such as, omeprazole, esomeprazole, and lansoprazole should also be used. *Medications Acting on the Endocrine System* Examples of some Anti Diabetic Medications: ans: - insulin/ Humuilin® - metformin/ Glucohage®