(Answered)Bootcamp - Fundamentals of Biology Test; updated Winter 2022. Bootcamp.com - Fundamentals of Biology

any substance that takes up space and has mass is called _____ - ANSWER- matter what is matter is composed of? - ANSWER- elements an ______ is a substance that has specific chemical and physical properties - ANSWER- element an _____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains all the chemical properties of an element - ANSWER- atom can an atom break-down into something smaller, while still retaining the properties of the original element? - ANSWER- no molecules result whenever _____ atoms join together - ANSWER- 2 or more what atoms does carbon tend to bond with in an organic molecule? - ANSWER- hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen _____ are molecules that contain more than one element - ANSWER- compounds (ex: H2O is a molecule/compound) what are the strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule? - ANSWER- intramolecular forces which type of force exists between molecules? - ANSWER- intermolecular forceswhich type of force is weaker... intra- or intermolecular? - ANSWER- intermolecular which type of force (intra-/intermolecular) determines physical properties? - ANSWER- intermolecular _____ are molecules that have the potential of bonding to other identical molecules through chemical reactions - ANSWER- monomers _____ is the process when monomers bond together, and it forms _____ - ANSWER- polymerization; polymers _____ are substances that have a large # of monomers bonded together - ANSWER- polymers what are the 3 varieties of carbohydrates? - ANSWER- monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides monosaccharides have a ratio of precisely _____ _____ per water molecule, and they have the empirical formula _____ - ANSWER- 1 carbon; (CH2O)n 5 carbon monosaccharides are called _____ - ANSWER- pentoses 6 carbon monosaccharides are called _____ - ANSWER- hexoses a sugar molecule is classified as an alpha sugar if the hydroxyl (OH) group points _____ on the first carbon - ANSWER- down a sugar molecule is classified as a beta sugar if the hydroxyl (OH) group points _____ on the first carbon - ANSWER- up ribose is a _____ sugar (monosaccharide) - ANSWER- pentose (five carbon) glucose and fructose are _____ sugars (monosaccharides) - ANSWER- hexose (six carbon)glucose and fructose are _____ of each other - ANSWER- isomers what type of carbohydrate results when 2 monosaccharide monomers bond/join together? – ANSWERdisaccharide monosaccharide monomers join together via what type of reaction? - ANSWERdehydration/condensation reactions what functional group and atom combine in a dehydration/condensation reaction? - ANSWER- hydroxyl (OH) + hydrogen (H) what type of bond is formed and what is released in a dehydration/condensation reaction? - ANSWERcovalent bond formation; release of H2O what is the opposite of a condensation/dehydration reaction - why? - ANSWER- A hydrolysis reaction; adds H2O to a covalent bond and splits monomers apart what is the name of the bond that forms when a carbohydrate attaches to another molecule? - ANSWER- glycosidic carbohydrates linked to lipids are known as _____ - ANSWER- glycolipids carbohydrates linked to proteins are known as _____ - ANSWER- glycoproteins which disaccharide contains 1 glucose and 1 fructose? - ANSWER- sucrose (table sugar) which disaccharide contains 1 galactose and 1 glucose? - ANSWER- lactose which disaccharide contains 2 glucoses linked together? - ANSWER- maltosepolysaccharides are long polymers of _____ - ANSWER- monosaccharides _____ may or may not have branching - ANSWER- polysaccharides some polysaccharides are for _____, and others are for _____. - ANSWER- storage, structure _____ is a crucial storage polysaccharide in plants - ANSWER- starch starch contains many _____ monomers in linear forms as well as branched forms - ANSWER- glucose linear plant starch is called _____ - ANSWER- amylose what type of glycosidic bonds are in amylose? - ANSWER- α-1,4-glycosidic bonds (linear) what is amylopectin? - ANSWER- branched form of plant starch what type of glycosidic bonds are in amylopectin? - ANSWER- α-1,4-glycosidic (linear) α-1,6-glycosidic (branches) _____ is a storage polysaccharide found in humans - ANSWER- glycogen glycogen contains many _____ monomers - ANSWER- glucose is amylopectin or glycogen more branched? - ANSWER- glycogen what type of bonds does glycogen have? - ANSWER- α-1,4-glycosidic (linear)*many* α-1,6-glycosidic (branches) glycogen is primarily stored in what type of human cells? - ANSWER- liver cells (mostly); muscles cells name two alpha-glucose polysaccharides - ANSWER- starch (ex. amylose, amylopectin); glycogen _____ is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, wood, and paper - ANSWER- cellulose cellulose is a _____ polymer - ANSWER- glucose what type of bonds does cellulose contain - what do they do? - ANSWER- β-1,4-glycosidic bonds; allows cellulose to form linear strands that pack together in parallel what type of intermolecular force holds adjacent cellulose strands together in parallel? - ANSWERhydrogen bonds cellulose has high ____ due to its structure - ANSWER- rigidity can humans digest cellulose? - ANSWER- no; instead, it passes through the digestive tract as fiber chitin is a _____ polysaccharide - ANSWER- structural chitin is found in the cell walls of _____ and in the exoskeletons of ____ - ANSWER- fungi; insects chitin is a structural polysaccharide of _____ monomers - ANSWER- N-acetylglucosam