Essentials of Pathophysiology - Final Exam review sheet -
Spring 2021/2022
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review
Sheet Covers Material from Modules 1-10
Be sure to look over review sheets from Exam #1 and #2 – all previous information is fair game for the
Final exam
1. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems.
What happens to the body during the “fight-or-flight” response?
• Sympathetic- fight or flight/ parasympathetic- rest and digest/ When body is in fight or flight its
in survival mode. Directs nutrients and blood flow to important parts of the body like the
lungs and skeletal system. Decreased saliva, urination, stomach.
2. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria,
ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
• Nucleus: control center or “brain” of the cell, DNA and genes are stored here, production of
messenger RNA- contains instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins; most cells
have only one nucleus, but liver and skeletal systems have more. Red blood cells have no
nucleus. DNA comes from white blood cells if not from nucleus.
• Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, that contain their own DNA, cellular respiration,
production of ATP from glucose.
• Ribosome: site of protein production
• Lysosome: breaks down food particles or worn-out cell parts
• Endoplasmic reticulum: folded membranes that move proteins around the cell.
Smooth- ribosome are not attached/ rough- ribosomes are attached.
• Peroxisome: contains enzymes (oxidase and catalase) to break down toxic waste products.
• Golgi apparatus: sorts and package proteins.
3. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type.
• Passive: transferring innate protection from one individual to another. Immune protection
right away but doesn’t last very long. EX: passing antibodies from mom to baby. Passes
through placenta or breast milk. Serotherapy- direct injection/ infusion of antibodies (humans
or animals). Giving plasma, snake venom.
• Active: a protective state owing to the body’s immune response as a result of active infection or
immunizations. Body fighting off something or receiving a vaccine.
4. Review the various factors that can contribute to edema
• Fluid that accumulates in the interstitial spaces- leading the tissue swelling/ Increases in
capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood vessel blockage, incompetent venous valves), Decrease in
plasma proteins (such as albumin) liver produces albumin, blockage of lymphatic drainage
(due to cancer or removal of lymph tissue)
5. Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I (Anaphylactic), Type II (Cytotoxic), Type
III (Immune complex), Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated). Know examples and mediating factors for
each type.
,Essentials of Pathophysiology - Final Exam review sheet -
Spring 2021/2022
• Type 1 (Anaphylactic): Occurs within 2-30 minutes of antigen exposure; IgE; Systemic or local;
Mild- hives, stuffy or runny nose. Severe- constriction of throat, swelling of lips;
Antihistamines; epinephrine, corticosteroids; Mediating factors- IgE, mast cells, basophils.
• Type II (Cytotoxic): IgG or IgM. Transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of a newborn- mother
has negative blood type and father has positive. EX: Graves disease. Mediating factors- IgM
and IgG
, Essentials of Pathophysiology - Final Exam review sheet -
Spring 2021/2022
• Type III (Immune Complex): IgG antibodies form immune complexes. EX: Rheumatoid
arthritis. Mediating factors- antibodies binding to antigens that cause inflammation.
• Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated): Takes time for the individual to develop signs and
symptoms. Mediating factors- Cytotoxic T cells.
6. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
• Benign- growth is localized, curable; grows slowly, little vascularity, rarely necrotic, cells that
do not invade other parts of the body, encapsulated- surrounded by connective tissue.
• Malignant- ignores growth controlling signals, they grow uncontrollably, display anaplasia-
variation in cell size, meaning they look and act different from their original cell. Metastasis-
set up new tumors in other areas. Travel
7. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease.
• Caused by NSAIDs, stress, smoking and genetics. H Pylori plays a key role in promoting gastric
and duodenal ulcers. Clinical manifestations: epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by
intake of food (especially dairy products) or antacids. Gastric ulcers: typically occurs on an
empty stomach but may present after a meal. Duodenal ulcers: occurs 2-3 hours after a meal
and is relieved by further food ingestion, life threatening complications such as GI bleeding
may occur without warning.
8. Review differences between functional and mechanical bowel obstructions, know examples for each
• Mechanical: adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, intussusception.
• Functional: paralytic ileus, due to conditions that inhibit peristalsis, such as certain
medications (anticholinergics), opioids, low fiber diets, etc.
9. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis.
• Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, obstruction of the fecalith. Clinical
manifestations: periumbilical pain, RLQ pain “Mcburney’s point”, nausea, vomiting, fever,
diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of inflammation.
10. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. Review complications of liver disease
• Due to hepatocellular failure ( jaundice, decreased clotting factors, hypoalbuminemia,
decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion, development of
esophageal or gastric varices, hemorrhoids, splenomegaly, ascites).
11. What role does albumin play in the blood? What happens to albumin production with liver failure?
• Protein produced by the liver that helps keep fluid in your blood stream, so it doesn’t leak
to other tissues.
12. What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders?
• Excretion- removal of organic waste products from body fluids, Elimination- discharge of
waste products from the body, Regulation- Regulating blood volume levels, ion
concentrations, blood PH, and nutrients. Assess with CVA tenderness.
13. What is polycystic kidney disease? What causes this condition?
• Genetically transmitted renal disorder in fluid filled, may be localized to one area or affect
both kidneys; two types: autosomal recessive forms and autosomal dominant types: most
common, symptoms appear later in life.
14. Review the following terms: nephrons, hematuria, proteinuria, nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis, cystitis
Spring 2021/2022
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review
Sheet Covers Material from Modules 1-10
Be sure to look over review sheets from Exam #1 and #2 – all previous information is fair game for the
Final exam
1. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems.
What happens to the body during the “fight-or-flight” response?
• Sympathetic- fight or flight/ parasympathetic- rest and digest/ When body is in fight or flight its
in survival mode. Directs nutrients and blood flow to important parts of the body like the
lungs and skeletal system. Decreased saliva, urination, stomach.
2. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria,
ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus
• Nucleus: control center or “brain” of the cell, DNA and genes are stored here, production of
messenger RNA- contains instructions to build nearly all the body’s proteins; most cells
have only one nucleus, but liver and skeletal systems have more. Red blood cells have no
nucleus. DNA comes from white blood cells if not from nucleus.
• Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, that contain their own DNA, cellular respiration,
production of ATP from glucose.
• Ribosome: site of protein production
• Lysosome: breaks down food particles or worn-out cell parts
• Endoplasmic reticulum: folded membranes that move proteins around the cell.
Smooth- ribosome are not attached/ rough- ribosomes are attached.
• Peroxisome: contains enzymes (oxidase and catalase) to break down toxic waste products.
• Golgi apparatus: sorts and package proteins.
3. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type.
• Passive: transferring innate protection from one individual to another. Immune protection
right away but doesn’t last very long. EX: passing antibodies from mom to baby. Passes
through placenta or breast milk. Serotherapy- direct injection/ infusion of antibodies (humans
or animals). Giving plasma, snake venom.
• Active: a protective state owing to the body’s immune response as a result of active infection or
immunizations. Body fighting off something or receiving a vaccine.
4. Review the various factors that can contribute to edema
• Fluid that accumulates in the interstitial spaces- leading the tissue swelling/ Increases in
capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood vessel blockage, incompetent venous valves), Decrease in
plasma proteins (such as albumin) liver produces albumin, blockage of lymphatic drainage
(due to cancer or removal of lymph tissue)
5. Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I (Anaphylactic), Type II (Cytotoxic), Type
III (Immune complex), Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated). Know examples and mediating factors for
each type.
,Essentials of Pathophysiology - Final Exam review sheet -
Spring 2021/2022
• Type 1 (Anaphylactic): Occurs within 2-30 minutes of antigen exposure; IgE; Systemic or local;
Mild- hives, stuffy or runny nose. Severe- constriction of throat, swelling of lips;
Antihistamines; epinephrine, corticosteroids; Mediating factors- IgE, mast cells, basophils.
• Type II (Cytotoxic): IgG or IgM. Transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of a newborn- mother
has negative blood type and father has positive. EX: Graves disease. Mediating factors- IgM
and IgG
, Essentials of Pathophysiology - Final Exam review sheet -
Spring 2021/2022
• Type III (Immune Complex): IgG antibodies form immune complexes. EX: Rheumatoid
arthritis. Mediating factors- antibodies binding to antigens that cause inflammation.
• Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated): Takes time for the individual to develop signs and
symptoms. Mediating factors- Cytotoxic T cells.
6. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
• Benign- growth is localized, curable; grows slowly, little vascularity, rarely necrotic, cells that
do not invade other parts of the body, encapsulated- surrounded by connective tissue.
• Malignant- ignores growth controlling signals, they grow uncontrollably, display anaplasia-
variation in cell size, meaning they look and act different from their original cell. Metastasis-
set up new tumors in other areas. Travel
7. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease.
• Caused by NSAIDs, stress, smoking and genetics. H Pylori plays a key role in promoting gastric
and duodenal ulcers. Clinical manifestations: epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by
intake of food (especially dairy products) or antacids. Gastric ulcers: typically occurs on an
empty stomach but may present after a meal. Duodenal ulcers: occurs 2-3 hours after a meal
and is relieved by further food ingestion, life threatening complications such as GI bleeding
may occur without warning.
8. Review differences between functional and mechanical bowel obstructions, know examples for each
• Mechanical: adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, intussusception.
• Functional: paralytic ileus, due to conditions that inhibit peristalsis, such as certain
medications (anticholinergics), opioids, low fiber diets, etc.
9. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis.
• Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, obstruction of the fecalith. Clinical
manifestations: periumbilical pain, RLQ pain “Mcburney’s point”, nausea, vomiting, fever,
diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of inflammation.
10. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. Review complications of liver disease
• Due to hepatocellular failure ( jaundice, decreased clotting factors, hypoalbuminemia,
decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion, development of
esophageal or gastric varices, hemorrhoids, splenomegaly, ascites).
11. What role does albumin play in the blood? What happens to albumin production with liver failure?
• Protein produced by the liver that helps keep fluid in your blood stream, so it doesn’t leak
to other tissues.
12. What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders?
• Excretion- removal of organic waste products from body fluids, Elimination- discharge of
waste products from the body, Regulation- Regulating blood volume levels, ion
concentrations, blood PH, and nutrients. Assess with CVA tenderness.
13. What is polycystic kidney disease? What causes this condition?
• Genetically transmitted renal disorder in fluid filled, may be localized to one area or affect
both kidneys; two types: autosomal recessive forms and autosomal dominant types: most
common, symptoms appear later in life.
14. Review the following terms: nephrons, hematuria, proteinuria, nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis, cystitis
