Biology GCSE 2022
Eukaryotes - Answer organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, animal, plant,fungi
Nucleus - Answer Contains DNA/genetic material
Cytoplasm - Answer a jelly like substance where chemical reaction take place
Cell Membrane - Answer controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
Mitochondria - Answer carry out aerobic respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Ribsomes - Answer makes proteins
Cell wall (plants only) - Answer thick outer layer that surrounds cell membrane, made of
cellulose, strengthens and supports cell
vacuole (plants only) - Answer contains cell sap, absorbs and gets rids of waste
products
Chloroplast (plants only) - Answer contains chlorophyll and enzymes needed for
photosynthesis
Chlorophyl - Answer green pigment found in chloroplasts which absorbs light energy
required to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose in photosynthesis
Plants - Answer multicellular organisms, cells contain chloroplast, cellulose cell walls
strengthen and protect cell, store carbohydrates as starch/sucrose (e.g flowering plant/
herbacious legume)
Animals - Answer multicellular organisms, store carbs as glycogen, can't make own
food, has a nervous system to coordinate movement
Fungi - Answer Single or multicellular organisms, body is organised into a mycelium
made of thread like structures called hyphae, cell walls are made from chitin, store
carbs as glycogen, feed by saprotrophic nutrition by excretion of digestive enzymes
(e.g, mucor, yeast)
Protoctists - Answer single celled organisms, some have features of plant cells
(chlorella) whereas other have features of animal cells (amoeba)
Bacteria - Answer no nucleus, have circular chromosomes of DNA, some
photosynthesise, feed off other organisms (e.g pneumococcus)
Viruses - Answer particles rather than cells, only reproduce inside living cells, have a
protein coat around genetic material (e.g influenza)
Organelles - Answer a component within a cell that carry out a specific task
,Biology GCSE 2022
Cells - Answer basic structural units of the body
Tissues - Answer a group of cells with similar functions working together
Organs - Answer a group of tissues working together
Organ system - Answer a group of organs with similar functions working together
Test for glucose - Answer Add Benedicts solution to the sample, heat in a water bath for
5 minutes, the solution will turn from blue orange/brick red
Test for starch - Answer Add drops of iodine to food sample, solution will turn from
orange to blue/black
Test for protein - Answer Add drops of Biuret's solution, solution will turn from blue to
purple
Test for lipids - Answer Mix food sample with ethanol and shake, allow time for sample
to dissolve, strain the solution and add equal amounts of cold water, the solution will go
cloudy
Chemical elements of carbon dioxide - Answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Structure of Carbohydrates - Answer made up of simple sugars which form long chains
Chemical elements of lipids - Answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Structure of lipids - Answer made up of fatty acids and glycerol
Chemical elements of proteins - Answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur
Structure of proteins - Answer made up of long chains of amino acids
Enzymes - Answer biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction in a cell.
Enzymes can't be used up, catalyse metabolic reactions, control cell processes
Catalyst - Answer substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Metabolic reaction - Answer Reaction that occur inside cells of living organisms .
Process of how enzymes work - Answer 1. enzyme and substrates move around in
solution
2. enzyme and its complimentary substrate join at the active site and a reaction
happens
3. A product forms from the substrate which is released from the active site
, Biology GCSE 2022
4. the enzyme continues to catalyse more reactions as it cannot be used up
What happens when you denature an enzyme - Answer Heating beyond optimum temp
(37) and making ph too high (+7) will break the bonds of the enzyme, substrate cannot
fit into denatured enzyme as shape of active site has been lost
Diffusion - Answer the net movement of particles from an area of high to low
concentration, passive process, happens in liquids and gasses
Osmosis - Answer the net movement of water molecules from an area of high to low
concentration, (high water potential to low water potential) across a partially permiable
membrane, water molecules pass both ways through the membrane
Partially permeable membrane - Answer a membrane that allows only certain
substances to pass through
High water potential - Answer pure water
Low water potential - Answer concentrated solution
Plant Cell in pure water - Answer cell will absorb water from the high water potential
outside of the cell to the low water potential inside the cell
cell will swell and membrane pushes on cell wall
cell becomes turgid
Plant cell in concentrated water solution - Answer cell will loose water from the high
eater potential inside the cell to the low water potential outside the cell
the cell will shrink and the membrane will pull off from the cell wall
the cell will become flaccid
Plant cell in an extremely concentrated solution - Answer the membrane will pull even
more from the cell wall and becomes plasmolysed
Animal cell in pure water - Answer water moves into the cell from high water potential
outside to low water potential inside
the cell swells and as it doesn't have a cell wall can burst
this is called lysis
Animal cell in concentrated solution - Answer water moves out of the cell from the high
water potential inside the cell to the low water potential outside the cell
the cell shrivels and becomes crenated
Active transport - Answer the movement of particles from an area of low to high
concentration, needs energy from respiration
Active transport in plants - Answer absorption of minerals from the soil into the roots
Eukaryotes - Answer organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, animal, plant,fungi
Nucleus - Answer Contains DNA/genetic material
Cytoplasm - Answer a jelly like substance where chemical reaction take place
Cell Membrane - Answer controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
Mitochondria - Answer carry out aerobic respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Ribsomes - Answer makes proteins
Cell wall (plants only) - Answer thick outer layer that surrounds cell membrane, made of
cellulose, strengthens and supports cell
vacuole (plants only) - Answer contains cell sap, absorbs and gets rids of waste
products
Chloroplast (plants only) - Answer contains chlorophyll and enzymes needed for
photosynthesis
Chlorophyl - Answer green pigment found in chloroplasts which absorbs light energy
required to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose in photosynthesis
Plants - Answer multicellular organisms, cells contain chloroplast, cellulose cell walls
strengthen and protect cell, store carbohydrates as starch/sucrose (e.g flowering plant/
herbacious legume)
Animals - Answer multicellular organisms, store carbs as glycogen, can't make own
food, has a nervous system to coordinate movement
Fungi - Answer Single or multicellular organisms, body is organised into a mycelium
made of thread like structures called hyphae, cell walls are made from chitin, store
carbs as glycogen, feed by saprotrophic nutrition by excretion of digestive enzymes
(e.g, mucor, yeast)
Protoctists - Answer single celled organisms, some have features of plant cells
(chlorella) whereas other have features of animal cells (amoeba)
Bacteria - Answer no nucleus, have circular chromosomes of DNA, some
photosynthesise, feed off other organisms (e.g pneumococcus)
Viruses - Answer particles rather than cells, only reproduce inside living cells, have a
protein coat around genetic material (e.g influenza)
Organelles - Answer a component within a cell that carry out a specific task
,Biology GCSE 2022
Cells - Answer basic structural units of the body
Tissues - Answer a group of cells with similar functions working together
Organs - Answer a group of tissues working together
Organ system - Answer a group of organs with similar functions working together
Test for glucose - Answer Add Benedicts solution to the sample, heat in a water bath for
5 minutes, the solution will turn from blue orange/brick red
Test for starch - Answer Add drops of iodine to food sample, solution will turn from
orange to blue/black
Test for protein - Answer Add drops of Biuret's solution, solution will turn from blue to
purple
Test for lipids - Answer Mix food sample with ethanol and shake, allow time for sample
to dissolve, strain the solution and add equal amounts of cold water, the solution will go
cloudy
Chemical elements of carbon dioxide - Answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Structure of Carbohydrates - Answer made up of simple sugars which form long chains
Chemical elements of lipids - Answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Structure of lipids - Answer made up of fatty acids and glycerol
Chemical elements of proteins - Answer carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur
Structure of proteins - Answer made up of long chains of amino acids
Enzymes - Answer biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction in a cell.
Enzymes can't be used up, catalyse metabolic reactions, control cell processes
Catalyst - Answer substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Metabolic reaction - Answer Reaction that occur inside cells of living organisms .
Process of how enzymes work - Answer 1. enzyme and substrates move around in
solution
2. enzyme and its complimentary substrate join at the active site and a reaction
happens
3. A product forms from the substrate which is released from the active site
, Biology GCSE 2022
4. the enzyme continues to catalyse more reactions as it cannot be used up
What happens when you denature an enzyme - Answer Heating beyond optimum temp
(37) and making ph too high (+7) will break the bonds of the enzyme, substrate cannot
fit into denatured enzyme as shape of active site has been lost
Diffusion - Answer the net movement of particles from an area of high to low
concentration, passive process, happens in liquids and gasses
Osmosis - Answer the net movement of water molecules from an area of high to low
concentration, (high water potential to low water potential) across a partially permiable
membrane, water molecules pass both ways through the membrane
Partially permeable membrane - Answer a membrane that allows only certain
substances to pass through
High water potential - Answer pure water
Low water potential - Answer concentrated solution
Plant Cell in pure water - Answer cell will absorb water from the high water potential
outside of the cell to the low water potential inside the cell
cell will swell and membrane pushes on cell wall
cell becomes turgid
Plant cell in concentrated water solution - Answer cell will loose water from the high
eater potential inside the cell to the low water potential outside the cell
the cell will shrink and the membrane will pull off from the cell wall
the cell will become flaccid
Plant cell in an extremely concentrated solution - Answer the membrane will pull even
more from the cell wall and becomes plasmolysed
Animal cell in pure water - Answer water moves into the cell from high water potential
outside to low water potential inside
the cell swells and as it doesn't have a cell wall can burst
this is called lysis
Animal cell in concentrated solution - Answer water moves out of the cell from the high
water potential inside the cell to the low water potential outside the cell
the cell shrivels and becomes crenated
Active transport - Answer the movement of particles from an area of low to high
concentration, needs energy from respiration
Active transport in plants - Answer absorption of minerals from the soil into the roots
