Schizophrenia Psychology AQA
Inter-rater reliability - Answer Two or more health professionals come to the same
diagnosis
Criterion Validity - Answer Different methods of assessment come to the same
diagnosis
Co-morbidity - Answer Two or more conditions occur simultaneously
Symptom overlap - Answer The same symptoms occur within different conditions
Cheniaux et al (2009) - Answer Two psychiatrists independently diagnosed 100 patients
using two different assessments
Buckley et al (2009) - Answer Investigated those with schizophrenia and found they
were likely to also suffer from another condition
Gottesman (1991) - Answer Schizophrenia runs in families. Probability of schizophrenia
= 48% between MZ twins, 46% if both parents had it and 10% between DZ twins.
Tienari et al (2004) - Answer Children adopted from 19,000 Finnish mothers at birth.
More likely to develop schizophrenia when biological relatives had it, but not when
adoptive parents did. High EE levels also implicated in development, but only for those
with a genetic risk.
Ripke et al (2014) - Answer Meta-analysis of genome studies. Genetic make-up of
37,000 patients compared to 113,000 controls - 108 candidate genes associated with
increased risk of schizophrenia
Hyperdopaminergia - Answer High levels of dopamine in the brain's subcortex
Hypodopaminergia - Answer Low levels of dopamine in the brain's cortex
Curran et al (2004) - Answer Drugs that increase levels of dopamine made
schizophrenia worse and induce schizophrenia like symptoms in non-schizophrenics
Goldman-Rakik et al (2004) - Answer Low levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex
thought to have a role in causing negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Moghaddam and Javitt (2012) - Answer High levels of glutamate contibute to symptoms
of schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis is reductionist as it doesn't consider other
neurotransmitters
Neural Correlates - Answer Patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in
conjunction with an experience
,Schizophrenia Psychology AQA
Allen et al (2007) - Answer Participants listened to recordings of speech and had to
identify if it was their own or not. MRI's used to scan brain.
Allen et al (2007) - Answer Hallucinating schizophrenics made more errors in voice
recognition and showed lower levels of activity in the superior temporal gyrus and the
anterior cingulate gyrus compared to controls
Juckel et al (2006) - Answer Conducted a study involving reward anticipation on 10
schizophrenic males and a matched control group.
Juckel et al (2006) - Answer Found healthy males had higher levels of activity in the
ventral striatum (involved in reward anticipation) than those who were schizophrenic.
The lower the activity the worse the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Liu and de Haan (2009) - Answer Typical prescribed dose of Chlorpromazine had
declined in the past 50 years.
Typical anti-psychotics - Answer Used since the 1950's. Includes Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine - Answer Can be taken as a syrup, tablet or injection. Side effects
include: dizziness, agitation, sleepiness, still jaw, weight gain, itchy skin and tardive
dyskinesia.
Atypical anti-psychotics - Answer Used since the 1970's. Includes Clozapine.
Clozapine - Answer Can be taken as a syrup or a tablet. Side effects include:
Agranulocytosis
Thornley et al (2003) - Answer Meta-analysis of Chlorpromazine studies. 13 trials with
1121 participants. Schizophrenic control group given a placebo.
Thornley et al (2003) - Answer Found better overall functioning and reduced symptom
severity in those who took Chlorpromazine.
Risperidone - Answer Can be taken as a tablet, syrup or injection. Works on both
dopamine and serotonin receptors. Developed to combat serious side effects of
Clozapine.
Meltzer (2012) - Answer Found Clozapine to be more effective than typical anti-
psychotics. Effective in 30-50% of cases where typical anti-psychotics failed.
Fromm-Reichman (1948) - Answer Cold, rejecting and controlling mothers may
contribute to schizophrenia through distrust that leads to paranoid delusions
(Psychologist not theory) Developed by accounts patients gave about childhoods
, Schizophrenia Psychology AQA
Mischler (1968) - Answer Observations that found that mothers talked to their
schizophrenic daughter in an aloof and unresponsive way. Same mothers talked
normally to their healthy daughters
Bateson et al (1972) - Answer Parents communicate ambiguously with children.
Conflicting messages cause confusion and misinterpretation of instructions which
parents punish the child for doing wrong. Withdrawal of love may lead to disorganised
thinking, speech and paranoid delusions.
Kennedy (1966) - Answer Medics analysed letters written from parents to children in
hospital. Content was found to be similar for those with schizophrenia and those
without, including extent to which they were cold and lacking compassion
Expressed Emotion - Answer High levels of this towards a child causes significant
stress (e.g. verbal criticism, hostility) More applicable to relapse not cause. (Theory)
Brown et al (1966) - Answer Examined progress of discharged schizophrenics who
returned to their families. Families were characterised as High EE or low EE.
Brown et al (1966) - Answer 58% of those who returned to High EE families relapsed
compared to 10% who returned to Low EE Families.
Berry et al (2008) - Answer Adults with insecure attachments to their primary caregiver
were more likely to develop schizophrenia
Read et al (2005) - Answer 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia. Found 69% of
adult women + 59% men in-patients with schizophrenia has a history of physical abuse.
Frith et al - Answer Identified two kinds of dysfunctional thought (cognitive explanation)
Central control - Answer Ability to suppress responses and perform deliberate actions.
(Disorganised speech could be due to this)
Stirling et al (2006) - Answer 30 schizophrenics and 18 non-schizophrenics completed
the stroop test - measures central control
Stirling et al (2006) - Answer Mean time for 'non-compatible' word list: 123.2 seconds fro
schizophrenics. 58.12 for non-schizophrenics.
Metarepresentation - Answer Cognitive ability to reflect on ones own thoughts and
behaviours, knowing our intentions and being aware of others behaviours.
Cognitive behaviour therapy - Answer 5-20 sessions of this. Identify irrational thought
and change them. Helps to make sense of delusions and hallucinations to reduce
anxiety.
Inter-rater reliability - Answer Two or more health professionals come to the same
diagnosis
Criterion Validity - Answer Different methods of assessment come to the same
diagnosis
Co-morbidity - Answer Two or more conditions occur simultaneously
Symptom overlap - Answer The same symptoms occur within different conditions
Cheniaux et al (2009) - Answer Two psychiatrists independently diagnosed 100 patients
using two different assessments
Buckley et al (2009) - Answer Investigated those with schizophrenia and found they
were likely to also suffer from another condition
Gottesman (1991) - Answer Schizophrenia runs in families. Probability of schizophrenia
= 48% between MZ twins, 46% if both parents had it and 10% between DZ twins.
Tienari et al (2004) - Answer Children adopted from 19,000 Finnish mothers at birth.
More likely to develop schizophrenia when biological relatives had it, but not when
adoptive parents did. High EE levels also implicated in development, but only for those
with a genetic risk.
Ripke et al (2014) - Answer Meta-analysis of genome studies. Genetic make-up of
37,000 patients compared to 113,000 controls - 108 candidate genes associated with
increased risk of schizophrenia
Hyperdopaminergia - Answer High levels of dopamine in the brain's subcortex
Hypodopaminergia - Answer Low levels of dopamine in the brain's cortex
Curran et al (2004) - Answer Drugs that increase levels of dopamine made
schizophrenia worse and induce schizophrenia like symptoms in non-schizophrenics
Goldman-Rakik et al (2004) - Answer Low levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex
thought to have a role in causing negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Moghaddam and Javitt (2012) - Answer High levels of glutamate contibute to symptoms
of schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis is reductionist as it doesn't consider other
neurotransmitters
Neural Correlates - Answer Patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in
conjunction with an experience
,Schizophrenia Psychology AQA
Allen et al (2007) - Answer Participants listened to recordings of speech and had to
identify if it was their own or not. MRI's used to scan brain.
Allen et al (2007) - Answer Hallucinating schizophrenics made more errors in voice
recognition and showed lower levels of activity in the superior temporal gyrus and the
anterior cingulate gyrus compared to controls
Juckel et al (2006) - Answer Conducted a study involving reward anticipation on 10
schizophrenic males and a matched control group.
Juckel et al (2006) - Answer Found healthy males had higher levels of activity in the
ventral striatum (involved in reward anticipation) than those who were schizophrenic.
The lower the activity the worse the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Liu and de Haan (2009) - Answer Typical prescribed dose of Chlorpromazine had
declined in the past 50 years.
Typical anti-psychotics - Answer Used since the 1950's. Includes Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine - Answer Can be taken as a syrup, tablet or injection. Side effects
include: dizziness, agitation, sleepiness, still jaw, weight gain, itchy skin and tardive
dyskinesia.
Atypical anti-psychotics - Answer Used since the 1970's. Includes Clozapine.
Clozapine - Answer Can be taken as a syrup or a tablet. Side effects include:
Agranulocytosis
Thornley et al (2003) - Answer Meta-analysis of Chlorpromazine studies. 13 trials with
1121 participants. Schizophrenic control group given a placebo.
Thornley et al (2003) - Answer Found better overall functioning and reduced symptom
severity in those who took Chlorpromazine.
Risperidone - Answer Can be taken as a tablet, syrup or injection. Works on both
dopamine and serotonin receptors. Developed to combat serious side effects of
Clozapine.
Meltzer (2012) - Answer Found Clozapine to be more effective than typical anti-
psychotics. Effective in 30-50% of cases where typical anti-psychotics failed.
Fromm-Reichman (1948) - Answer Cold, rejecting and controlling mothers may
contribute to schizophrenia through distrust that leads to paranoid delusions
(Psychologist not theory) Developed by accounts patients gave about childhoods
, Schizophrenia Psychology AQA
Mischler (1968) - Answer Observations that found that mothers talked to their
schizophrenic daughter in an aloof and unresponsive way. Same mothers talked
normally to their healthy daughters
Bateson et al (1972) - Answer Parents communicate ambiguously with children.
Conflicting messages cause confusion and misinterpretation of instructions which
parents punish the child for doing wrong. Withdrawal of love may lead to disorganised
thinking, speech and paranoid delusions.
Kennedy (1966) - Answer Medics analysed letters written from parents to children in
hospital. Content was found to be similar for those with schizophrenia and those
without, including extent to which they were cold and lacking compassion
Expressed Emotion - Answer High levels of this towards a child causes significant
stress (e.g. verbal criticism, hostility) More applicable to relapse not cause. (Theory)
Brown et al (1966) - Answer Examined progress of discharged schizophrenics who
returned to their families. Families were characterised as High EE or low EE.
Brown et al (1966) - Answer 58% of those who returned to High EE families relapsed
compared to 10% who returned to Low EE Families.
Berry et al (2008) - Answer Adults with insecure attachments to their primary caregiver
were more likely to develop schizophrenia
Read et al (2005) - Answer 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia. Found 69% of
adult women + 59% men in-patients with schizophrenia has a history of physical abuse.
Frith et al - Answer Identified two kinds of dysfunctional thought (cognitive explanation)
Central control - Answer Ability to suppress responses and perform deliberate actions.
(Disorganised speech could be due to this)
Stirling et al (2006) - Answer 30 schizophrenics and 18 non-schizophrenics completed
the stroop test - measures central control
Stirling et al (2006) - Answer Mean time for 'non-compatible' word list: 123.2 seconds fro
schizophrenics. 58.12 for non-schizophrenics.
Metarepresentation - Answer Cognitive ability to reflect on ones own thoughts and
behaviours, knowing our intentions and being aware of others behaviours.
Cognitive behaviour therapy - Answer 5-20 sessions of this. Identify irrational thought
and change them. Helps to make sense of delusions and hallucinations to reduce
anxiety.
