EMT National Registry Test Review 2021/2022

EMT National Registry Test Review Effects of Epinephrine ans: Vasoconstrictor & Bronchodilator Effects of Nitroglycerin ans: Vasodilator 4 Contraindications for Nitroglycerin ans: 1) BP 100 systolic 2) Already taken 3 doses 3) Last dose within 5 minutes 4) Sexual enhancement drugs within 48 hours What position is used for a patient with a protruding umbilical cord? ans: Knee-chest position Define gravida ans: number of pregnancies Define para ans: number of live births When to ventilate patients? ans: When their breaths/min do not fall between 8x30 % oxygen by BVM ans: 90% Emphysema ans: Dead space in lungs, body retains carbon dioxide. Very prone to upper resp. diseases like pneumonia. Congestive Heart Failure ans: Heart can't pump blood sufficiently to meet the body's needs. Commonly caused by MI. Pulmonary edema & rales from fluid, sit patient upright (High fowlers, legs down) and administer high flow O2 via NRB mask. Pulmonary embolism ans: Blood clot that has travelled throughout the blood stream and is blocking an artery of the lung. Pleural Effusion ans: Collection of fluid outside the lung, compresses lung and causes dypsnea. Stems from infection, CHF or cancer. Spontaneous Pneumothorax ans: Usually caused by trauma. Pressure in pleural pace keeps lungs inflated, pleuritic chest pain. Collapsed lung. Transient Ischemic Attack ans: Precedes 1/3 of all strokes. Blockage or spasm of blood vessel (clots), signs & symptoms must be gone within 24 hours. Syncope/Syncopal Episode ans: Brief LOC from transiet cerebral hypoxia. Lasts less than 30 seconds, should then be immediately alert and oriented. From vagal stimulation. (Fainting) Epilepsy ans: Condition of reoccuring seizures. Petit Mal Seizure ans: "Absence spells", usually in kids 6-12. Staring episodes, mistaken for lack of attention. Grand Mal Seizure ans: LOC & violent muscle contractions (what most people think of when they picture a seizure). Pre-ictal (aura) ans: Phase of Grand Mal Seizure, RIGHT before the seizure occurs. Tonic Phase ans: Stiffening of the limbs during a grand mal seizure. Breathing may cease or decrease Clonic Phase ans: Jerking of limbs and face, after the tonic phase. Post-ical phase ans: After the tonic-clonic convulsions of a grand mal seizure, the patient is altered, disoriented, and recovering. Status Epilepticus ans: Repeated seizures without a break in between. Continuous seizure lasting more than 10 minutes, 3 or more seizures in one hour. Type 1 Diabetes ans: 10%, patient does not produce ANY insulin (by beta cells of pancreas). Insulin=hormone enabling the cells to produce glucose. Type 2 Diabetes ans: 90%, patient doesn't produce enough insulin. (obesity, old age, pancreatic disease, insulin resistance) V-fib ans: Ventrical Fibrillation, chaotic electrical activity from many sites in the heart. 3 major heat emergencies, in order of increasing severity ans: Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heat stroke (ALTERED LOC) Air Embolism ans: FAST onset, an air bubble lodged nto circulation. Muscle/join pain The Bends or Decompression Sickness ans: SLOW onset. Bubbles of gas obstruct blood vessels, from rapid ascent. Abdominal/joint pain. Left lateral or supine treatment for diving emergencies. Snake bite treatment ans: DON'T APPLY ICE OR TOURNIQUET. Splint area to minimize movement, place at or below level of heart! Circle the bite area and note the time. Esophageal varices ans: Capillary networks of esophagus leak & bleed out. Cystis ans: UTI, bladder infection. Caused by bacteria. Hypovolemic Shock ans: Fluid/blood loss, classic shock. Hemorrhagic=blood loss. Non-hemorrhagic=fluid loss/dehydration (from burns) Obstructive Shock ans: Obstruction in system inhibits blood/oxygen flow. EX: clot, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade. Inhibits heart from beating properly. Cardiogenic Shock ans: Heart failure, heart isn't beating correctly (don't confuse with obstructive shock, there is no outside agent here). Pulmonary edema 5 types of Distributive Shock ans: 1) Neurogenic: Problem with brain/spinal cord, can't communicate with site of injury's blood vessels. 2) Drug abuse: Nitro or opiates (vasodilator) causes neurogenic shock. 3) Anaphylactic: dilated blood vessels/low BP 4) Septic: from bacteria producing vasodilating toxins 5) Psychogenic: emotional (blood vessels dilate in the brain and you faint) 3 stages of Shock ans: 1) Compensated 2) Decompensated 3) Irreversible (death will occur) Cardiac Tamponade ans: Collection of fluid between heart and sac, usually from blunt or penetrating trauma. Blood leaks into pericardium and accumulates in sac, compresses heart. BECK'S TRIAD Beck's Triad ans: Symptoms of cardiac tamponade. Jugular Vein Distention, Muffled heart sounds, Widening systolic/diastolic BP. Tension Pneumothorax ans: Worsening pneumothorax. Damage to lung tissue. Air that's usually in the lungs escapes into chest cavity, applying pressure to heart and organs. Complete lung collapse on affected side. JVD 3 components of a bomb blast ans: Primary: shock wave, ruptures all internal organs. Secondary: metal particles from bomb hit & injure you Tertiary: Being thrown by force to the ground or against the wall. Sprain vs. Strain ans: Sprain: overstretching/damaging ligaments STrain: T for TENDON, overstretching/damaging tendon. Ligaments vs Tendons ans: Ligaments: bone to bone Tendon: muscle to bone connection Epiphyseal ans: Fracture at growing plate (kids) Compartment Syndrome ans: Injured cells leak watery fluid into cell spaces between them. This fluid pressure compresses tissue and increases muscle pressure. Leads to muscle & nerve damage and pain out of proportion to the injury. Potential complication of fracture. Crush syndrome ans: Results from area of body trapped/crushed 4+ hours and artery flow is poor. metabolic derangement, Renal failure and sometimes death. Melena ans: Blood appears in feces, serious sign of internal bleeding. Nondisplaced fracture ans: Simple crack of the bone, no angulation/deformity. Subluxation ans: INCOMPLETE join location/disruption Patient Positions (7) ans: 1) Supine 2) Prone 3) Fowlers: (sitting up) patient's upper body is at a 45-60 degree angle. 4) Semi-fowlers: patient's upper body is at less than a 45 degree angle. 5) Trendelenberg: patient's legs are elevated higher than the head. 6) Shock position 7) Lateral recumbent: (recovery position) patient is laying on their left or right side. Organs of the Left Lower Abdominal Quadrant ans: -Female reproductive organs -large & small intestines Organs of the Right Lower Abdominal Quadrant ans: -APPENDIX -large & small intestines -female reproductive organs Organs of the Right Upper Abdominal Quadrant ans: -LIVER -GALL BLADDER -large and small intestines Organs of the Left Upper Abdominal Quadrant ans: -STOMACH -SPLEEN -PANCREAS -large & small intestine Retroperitoneal cavity ans: Kidneys are in this cavity Coup contra coup ans: Brain hits skull on one side of the head, then the other. Front of the brin hits, then the back of the brain hits. Meninges ans: 3 layers that surrounds the brain & spinal cord 1) Dura Mater 2) Arachnoid 3) Pia Mater Increasing Intercranial Pressure ans: Usually from intercranial hematoma or cerebral edema, can crush brain tissue and cause great damage. CUSHING'S REFLEX/TRIAD. Altered LOC, Dilation of ipsilateral or both pupils, contralateral hemiparesis (weakness on one side of the body) Cushing's Triad ans: 1) Hypertension (widening pulse pressure) 2) Bradycardia 3) Respiration Changes Herniation Syndrome ans: happens when ICP occurs. same symptoms as ICP. Epidural Hematoma ans: accumulation of blood between skull and dura mater (outermost layer), almost always because of linear fracture. Lucid intervals of LOC